L: Back - bones, joints and muscles

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Which skeleton is the vertebral column a part of?

The axial skeleton.

What type of bones make up the vertebral column?

Irregular bones.

What separates the vertebrae from each other?

Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs.

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7.

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12.

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5.

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

5 (fused).

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

1-4 (fused)

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

• enables upright posture

• supports body weight

• protects and transmits spinal cord and spinal nerves

• supports the skull and allows for its movement

• contributes to the throat (rib cage)

• locomotion: provides attachment for trunk muscles

What is primary curvature?

When the spine forms one curve.

When is primary curvature present?

In utero.

What shape is the primary curvature?

Concave anteriorly (kyphosis).

What regions are concave anteriorly?

In thoracic and sacral regions.

What is concave anteriorly called?

Kyphosis.

When does secondary curvature develop?

When the infant lifts their head (cervical) and stands up to walk (lumbar).

Which regions are concave posteriorly?

Cervical and lumbar regions.

What is concave posteriorly called?

Lordosis.

Does erythropoiesis continue in the axial skeleton?

Yes, throughout life.

What is the other name for the intervertebral surface?

The endplate.

What is the name for the hole in the vertebrae, where the spinal cord runs through?

The vertebral foramen/canal.

What is the spiny part of the bone that sticks out posteriorly?

The spinous process.

What are the two processes that extend more laterally?

The transverse processes.

What area comes in between the spinous process and the transverse processes?

Lamina.

What structure comes in between the lamina and the vertebral body?

The pedicles.

What are articular facets and joints susceptible to?

Arthritis and back pain.

What are the characteristics of a cervical spinous process?

Short and bifid (apart from C7).

What vertebrae are the transverse foramen located?

Cervical vertebrae.

What are the transverse foramen?

A hole in the cervical vertebrae that allow the vertebral artery and vein to pass through.

What is the transverse process called in cervical vertebrae?

Posterior tubercle (next to transverse foramen).

Where are the ucinate processes located?

On the lateral edges of the vertebral bodies of cervical vertebrae.

What type of articulation are the ucinate processes?

Synovial.

What is articulation?

A location where two or more bones connect.

What is the other name for C1?

Atlas.

What is different about C1?

It doesn’t have a vertebral body, it has anterior and posterior arches which connect the lateral masses.