AP world unit 3 vocab

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

The first Tsar of Russia (1533–1584), expanded Russian territory, known for violent purges.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty (1368–1644) known for cultural restoration and maritime exploration.

Manchu

Tungusic people from Northeast Asia who founded the Qing Dynasty after conquering the Ming.

Qing Dynasty

China's final imperial dynasty (1644–1912), established by the Manchus.

Emperor Kangxi

One of the longest-reigning emperors of the Qing Dynasty known for stability.

Emperor Qianlong

Qing emperor (1735–1796) presided over a prosperous, multicultural empire.

Osman I

Founder of the Ottoman Empire (1299).

Mehmed II (The Conqueror)

Ottoman Sultan known for capturing Constantinople in 1453.

Constantinople

Capital of the Byzantine Empire, conquered by Mehmed II in 1453, renaming it Istanbul.

Suleiman I (The Magnificent)

Ottoman Sultan (1520–1566) who presided over the empire's peak in power and culture.

Shah Ismail

Founder of the Safavid Empire, established Shi’a Islam as the state religion.

Shah Abbas I

Safavid ruler (1588–1629) who centralized power and promoted Persian culture.

Babur

Founder of the Mughal Empire (1526) who established Mughal rule in India.

Akbar

Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance and administrative reforms.

Gunpowder Empires

Empires characterized by their use of gunpowder weaponry: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals.

Divine Right

Belief that monarchs derive authority from God.

Absolutism

Political system where monarchs hold centralized and unchecked power.

Louis XIV

French King known as the 'Sun King', epitomizing absolutism.

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Document establishing constitutional monarchy in England.

Peter I (Peter the Great)

Russian Tsar who modernized Russia and expanded its influence.

Devshirme System

Ottoman practice of recruiting Christian boys for state service.

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman soldiers drawn from the devshirme system.

Daimyo

Powerful Japanese feudal lords during the Shogunate period.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese ruling dynasty that unified the country (1603–1868).

Intendants

Royal officials in France under Louis XIV.

Tax Farming

System where individuals collected taxes for government profit.

Martin Luther

German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation.

95 Theses

Document by Martin Luther criticizing Church practices.

John Calvin

Protestant reformer who developed Calvinism.

Huguenots

French Calvinist Protestants who faced persecution.

King Henry VIII

English King who established the Anglican Church.

Anglican Church

Church of England established by Henry VIII.

Protestant Reformation

Movement against Catholic Church corruption in the 16th century.

Gutenberg’s Printing Press

Invention that revolutionized mass communication.

Counter-Reformation

Catholic Church's response to the Reformation.

Spanish Armada

Spain’s failed naval invasion of England in 1588.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Granted religious tolerance to Huguenots in France.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Treaties ending the Thirty Years’ War.

Millet System

Ottoman system allowing religious communities autonomy.

Sikhism

Monotheistic religion founded in 15th-century Punjab by Guru Nanak.

Sunni/Shi’a Islam

Two main branches of Islam divided over leadership succession.