Ap world vocab 4.5-4.7

Capital

Material wealth (usually gold and silver) available to produce more wealth; investment

• Material wealth available to produce more wealth

Commercial Revolution

The period of European expansion of a trade-based economy using gold and silver, which resulted in many factors such as the development of overseas colonies, new ocean trade routes, population growth, and inflation.

Price Revolution

The high rate of inflation, or general rise in prices, in the 16th and early 17th century, largely caused by the massive influx of silver and gold from the Americas and by population growth.

Joint-stock companies

A company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders. Business entities where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders, allowing for the pooling of capital for large-scale investments

• Companies owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them.

Limited Liability

The principle that an investor was not responsible for a company's debts or other liabilities beyond the amount of an investment made investing safer.

• A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investment. This made investing safer as one individual wasn't responsible for all of a company’s debt or liability.

Dutch East India Company

A Dutch joint-stock company established in 1602 that conducted maritime trading and monopolization activities in the East Indies and Spice Islands (Southeast Asia).

• A trading company created by the Netherlands to conduct trade in the East Indies, which became one of the first multinational corporations

Triangular Trade

A three-way system of trade during the 1600s-1800s, Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Monopolies

Corporations, governments, or joint-stock companies that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service.

• Granted, certain merchants - usually through a joint-stock company, or the government itself the exclusive right to trade.

• A single company or government has exclusive control over a product or service, often due to a government-granted charter that gives it exclusive rights to trade in a specific region

Dahomey/Oyo

African societies that conducted slave raids and became richer from the slave trade with Europeans

Polygyny

A form of marriage in which men have more than one wife

Viceroys

Spanish royalty appointed viceroys to act as administrators and representatives of the Spanish crown.

• High-ranking officials who acted as the representatives of a monarch in colonial territories.

Audiencias

Courts appointed by the king, who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America.

• Royal courts to which Spanish settlers could appeal the viceroys’ decisions or policies.

Santeria

Means "the way of the saints", a religion that developed in Cuba from the syncretism of West African (primarily Yoruba) religious practices with Roman Catholicism, brought about by enslaved Africans

Vodun

Means "spirit" or "deity". This belief system originated with African Peoples of Dahomey, Kongo, and Yoruba who were enslaved and living in Saint-Domingue, which is now Haiti.

• A religious and spiritual practice that originated in West Africa and developed in the Americas, particularly in Haiti, during the transatlantic slave trade. It blends African traditions with elements of Catholicism and indigenous beliefs,

Candomble

Means "dance to honor the gods". It is a combination of Yoruba, Fon, and Bantu beliefs from different parts of Africa. It developed in Brazil.

• A syncretic Afro-Brazilian religion that blends traditional African spiritualities (like Yoruba, Bantu, and Fon) with elements of Catholicism

Virgin of Guadalupe

A significant religious and cultural symbol in Mexico, representing the Virgin Mary as the patroness of the Americas. Her image is closely linked to the Spanish colonization and the establishment of Catholicism in the region, serving as a unifying figure for indigenous peoples and mestizos, blending indigenous traditions with European Catholic beliefs.

• A key concept representing syncretism, or the blending of indigenous Mesoamerican and spanish catholic traditions in colonial Mexico.

• An apparition of the Virgin Mary said to have appeared to a Mexican farmer (Juan Diego) in 1531. She exerted a powerful attraction to Mesoamerica’s surviving Amerindians and became an icon of Mexican identity.

Metacom's War

English colonists used underhanded tactics in their continuing pressure to control Native American lands, resulting in Metacom's war (1675-1678), also called King Philip's War. This conflict was the final major effort of the indigenous people to drive the British from New England.

• A 1675-1676 conflict in New England between a coalition of Native American tribes led by the Wampanoag chief Metacom (King Philip) and English colonists

Ndongo

In 1624, Ana Nzinga became ruler of Ndongo in South-central Africa (present-day Angola).

• African state located in modern-day Angola, where it peaked under the reign of Queen Ana Nzinga, who resisted Portuguese slave raids and aided enslaved Africans.

Matamba

An African kingdom known for its female rulers. Nzinga and her people fled west, taking over the state of Matamba. Nzinga ruled for decades, building Matamba into an economically strong state.

• Pre-colonial African states joined to the Kingdom of Ndongo under Queen Nzinga, which became economically strong and resistant to Portuguese slave raids.

Black Sea

A strategic inland sea located between Southeastern Europe and Anatolia, significant for its connection to the Mediterranean Sea via the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits.

• A sea between Europe and Asia, southwest of Moscow.

Steppes

Dry grasslands where peasants who were skilled fighters lived. They were grassy and treeless.

Pugachev Rebellion

A massive peasant and Cossack uprising against Empress Catherine the Great from 1773 to 1775, led by Yemelyan Pugachev, who falsely claimed to be the murdered Emperor Peter III. The revolt was fueled by widespread discontent over serfdom and Catherine's policies, and it sought an end to serfdom, lower taxes, and greater rights for various ethnic groups. Although the rebellion was eventually crushed, it was the largest peasant revolt in Russian history and deeply influenced Catherine's policies.

• A peasant uprising in Russia led by Yemelyan Pugachev against Catherine the Great for increasing the power of the nobility over serfs. Resulted in the Russian army suppressing the uprisings, Pugachev executed, and increased oppression of peasants to prevent further revolts.

Pueblo Revolt

A revolt led by the Pueblo and Apache groups against the Spanish in modern-day New Mexico. Initially successful with churches burned and the Spanish driven out, but the Spanish reconquered the area in 1692.

Maroon Wars

Conflicts between the Jamaica Maroon (descendants of Africans, escaped slavery in Jamaica) settlements and the British arose after the British gained control of the island from the Spanish.

• Enslaved people in the Caribbean and former Spanish territories in the Americas fought to gain freedom. A series of conflicts between maroon communities (groups of formerly enslaved Africans who had escaped) and European colonial powers, primarily in the Caribbean and parts of South America

• A series of conflicts between escaped enslaved people (Maroons) and colonial powers, primarily in the Americas, to defend their freedom and independent communities

Gloucester County Rebellion

The first recorded slave revolt in what is now the United States occurred in Virginia in 1663. In this rebellion, enslaved Africans and white indentured servants conspired together to demand their freedom from the governor.

• A failed 1663 plot in Virginia by enslaved Africans and white indentured servants to overthrow the colonial government and demand freedom

Glorious Revolution

The 1688 overthrow of England's King James II by Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William of Orange, who then became co-rulers with his wife Mary, James II's daughter. This largely bloodless event established England as a constitutional monarchy, significantly increasing the power of Parliament over the monarchy and limiting the powers of the crown.

Mohegan

An indigenous people of the Northeast, originally from the Connecticut River Valley. They are known for their role in the Pequot War (1637), where they allied with the English, and for becoming the dominant tribe in southern New England after the Pequots' destruction.

• Sided with the English colonists in Metacom’s war

Pequot

A Native American tribe originally located in present-day Connecticut, known for their significant role in early colonial history, especially during the Pequot War of 1636-1638.

• An Algonquian-speaking indigenous people of southern New England, who were the subject of the Pequot War (1636–1637) with English colonists

• A Native American tribe based in Connecticut who, along with the Mohegan, sided with the English in Metacom’s war.

Wampanoag

A Native American people from the New England region known for their pivotal role in the early colonial interactions with the English settlers, including the initial peace treaty, and their later leadership in King Philip's War.

• Metacom's war ended with the subjugation of the Wampanoag people to the English colonists.

• A Native American tribe based in southern Massachusetts and Rhode Island who interacted and eventually subjected to English colonial rule

Pequot War

A conflict between the dominant Pequot tribe and an alliance of English colonists and their Native American allies (including the Narragansett and Mohegan) in New England

Timar

A system in which the sultan granted land or tax revenues to those he favored. The sultan also used timar to reward soldiers and keep them loyal.

• Ottoman system where the sultan granted land or tax revenues to cavalrymen he favored in exchange for military service.

Harem

living quarters reserved for wives and concubines, and female relatives in a Muslim household.

Barbary Pirates

Those who plied the seas near North Africa along the Barbary Coast (named for the Berbers who lived there) captured other Europeans in the Mediterranean and then sold them to the Sultan or other high-ranking officials.

• North African pirates along the Barbary Coast who captured Europeans in the Mediterranean and sold them to the sultan or other muslim officials

impressed

Some people were impressed, or forced into service, in the navy as enslaved galley workers. The practice of forcibly conscripting or drafting men into military or naval service, most commonly used by the British Navy to forcefully recruit sailors.

Maroons

Enslaved Africans who escaped from plantations in the Americas and formed their own independent communities in remote areas, such as mountains or forests.

• Enslaved Africans who escaped from plantations and established independent communities in the Americas, particularly in regions like the Caribbean and Brazil.

• People of African descent who escaped slavery in the Americas and established independent communities in remote areas

Queues

Manchu hairstyle consisting of a braided pigtail on the back with a shaved top scalp; all men required to acquire the hairstyle under the Qing Dynasty.

• The Manchu-imposed hairstyle for Han Chinese men during the Qing Dynasty, which required shaving the front of the head and braiding the remaining hair into a pigtail

Nobility

A high-ranking social class usually consisting of wealthy landowners who had special privileges.

• Members of the high social class in medieval Europe, typically holding land and titles granted by the monarch.

Sephardic Jews

Jews who trace their heritage back to spain.

Ashkenazi Jews

Jews who trace their heritage back to Central and Eastern Europe

Casta System

A hierarchical social structure established in colonial Latin America by the Spanish which seperated individuals into social classes defined by racial and ethnic heritages.

Peninsulares

Those who were born on the Iberian peninsula (consists of mostly Spain and Portugal) and stood at the top of the social pyramid in Latin America.

Criollos

Those of European ancestry who were born in the Americas and stood second in the social pyramid in Latin America.

Castas

People of mixed-race ancestry and stood third in the social pyrmaid in Latin America; there are three types of castas: mestizos, mulattoes, and zambos.

Mestizos

Those of mixed European and indigenous ancestry, and is the top of three parts of the castas social class.

Mulattoes

Those of mixed European and African ancestry, and is the second of three parts of the castas social class.

Zambos

Those of mixed indigenous and African ancestry, and is the bottom of three parts of the castas social class.