Lecture exam one (2.3 Energy and Chemical Reactions, 2.4 Organic Compounds)

This is also known as the capacity to do work

Energy

This is energy contained within an object because of its position or internal state (not doing work at the time)

Potential energy

This is energy in motion

Kinetic energy

This is potential energy stored within chemical bonds of molecules

Chemical energy

This is also known as the kinetic energy of molecular motion

Heat

This is the potential energy available in a system to do useful work

Free energy

This is the process where a covalent or ionic bond is broken or formed

Chemical reaction

This type of chemical reaction occurs when a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones

Decomposition reaction

This type of chemical reaction occurs when a two or more smaller molecules come together to form one large molecule

Synthesis reaction

This type of chemical reaction occurs when two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms

Exchange reactions

True or false : Reversible reactions can proceed in either direction under different circumstances

True

The direction in which a reversible reaction proceeds is determined by the relative ____________ of substances on each side of the equation

Abundance

This is the law reversible reactions follow when determine direction

The law of mass action

The law of mass action states that reversible reactions proceed from the reactants of __________ quantity to the substances with __________ quantity.

Greater, lesser

Reversible reactions exist within a state of _____________ when there is an absence of upsetting influences.

Equilibrium

Reactions occur when mutually reactive molecules collide with _______________________ and the right _________________.

Sufficient force, Orientation

These are the main three factors which influence reaction rate

Temperature, catalysts, and concentration

These substances bind to reactants and hold them in favorable positions to react with others

Catalysts

This term collectively refers to all the chemical reactions within the body

Metabolism

These are the two subdivisions of metabolism

Anabolism and catabolism

This sub-division of metabolism collectively refers to all the energy releasing decomposition reactions

Catabolism

This term refers to energy releasing reactions

Exergonic reactions

This sub-division of metabolism collectively refers to all of the energy saving synthesis reactions

Anabolism

This term refers to all reactions which require an input of energy

Endergonic reactions

True or false : Anabolic reactions are driven by the energy realized by catabolic reactions

True

This type of reaction occurs when a molecule gives up an electron and releases energy

Oxidation

This reaction occurs when a molecule gains electrons

Reduction

In a Redox reaction, whatever molecule gains an electron is considered a _____________ and whatever molecule donates that electron is considered a ________________.

Oxidizing agent, Reducing agent

These are the four classes biochemists have classified the large organic molecules of life into

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

These are small clusters of atoms branching off of carbon backbones that determine many properties of an organic molecule

Functional groups

These are the five different types of functions groups

Carboxyl, methyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, amino acids

These are molecules made up of a repetitive series of identical subunits known as monomers

Polymers

This is the process of joining monomers to become polymers

Polymerization

Polymerization is achieved through these chemical reactions

Dehydration synthesis (condensation)

This reaction breaks the dimer holding polymers together

Hydrolysis

This term refers to the simplest carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

These are the main three monosaccharides you should have memorized

Glucose, galactose, fructose

This term refers to sugars which are composed of two monosaccharides

Disaccharides

These are the three main disaccharides you should have memorized

Lactose, sucrose, maltose

This term refers to short chains of three or more monosaccharides

Oligosaccharides

This term refers to long chains (up to thousands) of monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

A chain of >50 monosaccharides is considered a ____________ (oligosaccharide or polysaccharide)

Polysaccharide

These are the three polysaccharides that you should have memorized

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

This is an energy storage polysaccharide that is produced by cells (mainly of the liver)

Glycogen

This is when the liver produces glycogen

When the blood glucose level is high (after a meal)

This is when the liver breaks down glycogen

When the blood glucose levels are low (in between meals)

This is the energy storage polysaccharide found with plants

Starch

This is a structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants

Cellulose

True or false : Our bodies have the ability to digest cellulose

False

This polysaccharide swells with water in the digestive tract and helps move materials through the intestine

Cellulose

These are hydrophobic organic molecule composed of only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Lipids

These are the five primary types of lipids we must memorize

Fatty acids, phospholipids, triglycerides, eicosanoids, steroids

These are the four key components of a fatty acid

Carbon (4-24), hydrogen, carboxyl group, methyl group

Fatty acids and the fats made from them are categorized into these two groups

Saturated and unsaturated

This group of fats carry as much hydrogen as they can possibly carry

Saturated fats

This group of fats has double covalent bonds between carbons atoms and therefore is not carrying all the carbon it possibly can

Unsaturated fats

These types of fats have multiple double covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Polyunsaturated fats

A ________________ is a molecule consisting of a three carbon alcohol called ____________ linked to three fatty acids

Triglyceride, glycerol

Most plant triglycerides are ___________________ which means they are liquid at room temperature

Polyunsaturated fats

Make sure you know why the "kink" in trans-fats is important (read the textbook, it is hard to learn through flashcards)

You got this (smiley face)

True or false : Trans-fats resist enzymatic breakdown in the body, remain in circulation longer, and have more tendency to deposit in the arteries than saturated and cis fats

True

Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides except that in place of one fatty acid, they have a ________________ group linked to another function group

Phosphate

The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid are _______________, and the phosphate head is _________________.

Hydrophilic, hydrophobic

Phospholipids are said to be ______________ since they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Amphipathic

True or false : The main function of phospholipids is to serve as the structural foundation of cell membranes

True

These fats function as hormone-like chemical signals between cells

Eicosanoids

This is a lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings

Steroids

This is the parent steroid from which all steroids are synthesized

Cholesterol

True or false : We only obtain dietary cholesterol from foods of plant origin

False (only animal)

Cells within this organ of the body synthesize 85% of our cholesterol

Liver

These are polymers of amino acids

Proteins

An amino acid has a central __________ atom with an _____________ group (-NH2), a _______________ group (-COOH) and an ____________ group attached to its central carbon

Amino, carboxyl, R

This term refers to an molecule that is composed of 2 or more amino acids

Peptides

This term refers to chains of fewer than 10-15 amino acids

Oligopeptides

This term refers to chains larger than oligopeptides

Polypeptides

This term refers to polypeptides that are larger than 50 amino acids

Proteins

True or false : Even slight changes to the conformation of a protein can destroy the proteins ability to carry out its function

True

This protein structure involves the proteins sequence of amino acids (encoded in the genes)

Primary structure

This protein structure involves either a coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds

Secondary structure

These are the two variations of a proteins secondary structure

Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

This protein structure involves the bending and folding of proteins into various globular or fibrous shapes

Tertiary structure

True or false : The tertiary structure of a proteins results from hydrophobic R groups associating with each other and avoiding water while hydrophilic R groups attract to water

True

The amino acid cysteine often stabilizes a proteins tertiary structure through the formation of these bonds

Disulfide bridges

This protein structure involves the association of two or more polypeptide chains by non covalent forces (ionic bonds or hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions)

Quaternary structure

True or false : All proteins progress to the quaternary structure

False

This term refers to a diaristic change in a proteins shape that also inhibits its ability to preform its function

Denaturation

These are macromolecules that function as catalysts

Enzymes

This is the main function of enzymes

Allow reactions to occur more rapidly at body temperature

This is how enzymes achieve their function of allowing rapid reactions

They lower the activation energy

Substrates bind to this site on an enzyme to create an enzyme-substrate complex

Active site

True or false : Enzymes are consumed by the reaction it catalyzes

False

These are inorganic molecules that bind to enzymes to change their shape (activating or deactivating them)

Cofactors

These are organic cofactors that accept electrons in one metabolic pathway and transfer them to another

Coenzymes

These are the three components of a nucleotide

Nitrogenous base, monosaccharide, one or more phosphate groups

This term refers to the process of adding a phosphate group to an enzyme or other molecules

Phosphorylation

This process produces the majority of out ATP synthesis

Glucose oxidation

This is the first stage of glucose oxidation

Glycolysis (sugar splitting)

This term refers to the two 3-carbon molecules produces through glycolysis

Pyruvate

Pyruvate is converted into _________________ during ____________________ when the demand for ATP out paces the oxygen supply

Lactate acid, anaerobic fermentation

If enough oxygen is available, __________________ breaks Pyruvate down into ____________ and ____________ and generates up too 30 molecules of ATP

aerobic fermentation, water, carbon dioxide