AVS EXAM 1

estrus

bos tarus

breed of cattle found in cold/european regions

bos indicus

breed of cattle found closer to equator with adaptations to hotter climates

ovis aries

sheep

sus scrofa domesticas

pig

gallus domesticas

chicken

leagaris gallopavo

turkey

canis familiaris

dog

canis lupis

wolf

capra hircus

goat

felis catus

domesticated cat

equus callabus

domesticated horse

equus asinas

donkey

domestication

the first domesticted was wolves to dogs —> for companionship, protection

domesticated for food: sheep, goat, duck, geese, turkey, pig, chicken

foal

general young horse

filly

young female horse

colt

young male horse

mare

mature female horse

stallion

mature male horse

puppy

general young dog

b!tch

female young dog

dog

young and mature male dog

kitten

general young cat

queen

young and mature female cat

Tom

young and mature male cat

calf

general young cattle

heifer

young female cattle

bull

young and mature male cattle

cow

mature female cattle

pig / piglet

general young swine

gilt

young female swine

boar + pig

young male swine

sow

mature female swine

boar

mature male swine

lamb

young general sheep

ewe

young and mature female sheep

ram

young and mature male sheep

kid

young general goat

doe

young and mature female goat

buck

young and mature male goat

pork

most widely consumed meat in the world

ramboillet

most popular wool breed of sheep

animal husbandry

managing and providing care, shelter, and protection of domesticated animals to avoid abuse, improve health+ production to meet human needs

breed

whatever the owner says it is

cloacal kiss

how poultry copulate

refrigerated box cars

invention that changed animal industry forever in 1873

smith lever act

creation of cooperative extension services

Morril act 1862

establishes one land grant institution per state

hatch act 1887

establishes experiment station in each state

morril act 1890

establishes second land grant for segregated southern states

morril act 1994

provided establishment of tribal land grant in western states

barrow

young castrated swine

steer

young castrated cattle

what would be a reason a farmer would start to castrate their animals?

to control reproduction and be able to handle them easier

PSE (in the aspect of meat science)

Pale, soft, exudative

NIMBY

“ not in my backyard”

people want agriculture growth and development until it starts interfering with their daily life

loosely seasonal polyestrous

what type of breeders are goats?

genetic gain / genetic progress

when the genetic value of the offspring is better than the average genetic value of the previous generation

intramuscular

the type of fat that increases value of beef

estrus

period when animal exhibits signs of heat

precocial

born to be independent

altricial

born dependent

gestation

period of pregnancy in mammals

cecum

the structure hind gut fermenters rely on for fermentation

farrowing, nursery, finishing

three stages of production in swine industry

poultry and swine industry

the two industries that are vertically integrated

anestrus

not lactating

consumers

the driving factor in the pricing of animal goods

upwards

which way do goat tails point

downwards

which way do sheep tails point

protein

the most expensive feed nutrient when developing a ration

USDA

united states department of agriculture

NASS

national agricultural statistics service

• Will tell you how many animals are within a certain area

• Based off sampling so prone to error

AMS

“ agricultural marketing service”

• A description of commodity markets

• A market reporter 

• The market for the animals the NASS reports 

ERS

“economic research service”

• How much consumers spend on poultry or whatever

• Fabrication → breaking it down into case ready or retail cuts

• Plate waste → the parts u dont eat

SWAG - Dr Bolt’s fun word

scientific wild ass guess

marbling

intramuscular fat

• Measured between the 12th and 13th interface Rib (13th is the last rib as of now….)

• Marbling score → gradient of 10s that translate into a quality grade

weaned

seperated from mother, off the teat

Anthropomorphism

• leads to fear based marketing

• give animals human like thoughts and actions, but they don't actually think like us

broiler

meat chicken

hen

egg laying chicken

FCR

-feed conversion ratio

-how much feed do i put in front end of animal to get it to grow

castration

• removal of testicles

• easiest way to control reproduction

farrow

• birth for pigs

• A sow should farrow 2.2 times per year, abt 10 piglet birth rate

farmer productivity

1. Economic system

• Free enterprise system

• Capitalism —> means of production and distribution privately owned and operated for profit, no government intervention

2. Land and climatic conditions → we have amazing land for agriculture

3. Educational system → clemson is land grand school of SC

4. Specialized agri business infrastructure → rail system and interstate highway system

pork should be

red, firm, normal

tillable

usable mechanically

arable

• tillable/plowable

  • Capable of being farmed w live stock or crops

grazable

• not airable , but animals can be out on range

boxed beef

• 1967

• got rid of the slinging carcass

cow carcass

• The toughest muscles are closest to the ground

• the more you spend on protein, the easier the food eating experience should be

  • Filet mignon = tenderloin, socius major

  • Pectoralis and bicep femoris = brisket (coursest and toughest muscle in a carcass)

• Cow carcass as a whole has lot of value , different parts cost different