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Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)
a 1988 amendment that regulates federal standards that apply to all clinical laboratory testing performed on humans in the United States
clinical laboratory testing
testing used in conjunction with health history and physical examination to provide essential data for the diagnosis and management of a patient’s condition.
CLIA-waived testing
this category includes blood glucose testing, urine pregnancy tests, rapid strep screening, etc
urinalysis
this category includes the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine
hematology
this category includes blood cell counts that determine RBCs, WBCs, and platelets of a blood specimen
chemistry
this category includes chemicals found in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, joint fluid, lipid profiles (such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL), and fasting glucose
microbiology
this category includes studying bacteria, fungi, parasites, yeasts, and viruses; specimens can include urine, blood, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, stool, and wound material
cytology
this category includes microscope examination of cells for diagnostic purposes
blood bank
this category includes processes and stores blood and blood products for transfusion and blood disorder treatments
requisition form
the following information should be included on this:
Patient name
Address
Date of birth
Sex
Telephone number
Insurance information
Provider information
Diagnosis code or indications for testing
Order date
specimen sample container label
the following information should be included on this:
Patient’s name
Patient’s date of birth
Date and time of collection
Medical assistant’s initials
pregnancy testing
test in which urine is screened for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) antibodies
rapid strep testing
throat swabs are obtained to screen for group A streptococcus.
dipstick, tablet, or multi-stick urinalysis
test used as a screening tool for analytes that are excreted in the urine
hemoglobin test
test in which a machine is used to screen for the oxygen-carrying protein in whole blood, performed using capillary blood from a fingerstick (capillary puncture)
spun hematocrit test
test in which fingerstick collection of blood in microcapillary tubes is centrifuged and evaluated for the percentage of red blood cells.
blood glucose test
test in which whole blood is analyzed in a glucometer for a quantitative glucose level and is a screening test for diabetes, performed using capillary blood from a fingerstick (capillary puncture)
hemoglobin A1C test
capillary blood test that shows blood sugar control over an approximate 3-month period
cholesterol testing
test in which lipids are evaluated using capillary blood
Helicobacter pylori testing
test in which a blood sample is screened for a bacterium which is the main cause of gastric ulcers
mononucleosis screening
screening tool that tests for the presence of the Epstein-Barr virus in capillary blood
nasal smear for influenza types A and B
a qualitative test for influenza antigens using a swab that is inserted into the nostril
drug testing
the detection of substances in urine and blood samples
fecal occult blood test
test performed to screen for hidden blood in stool
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
hormone secreted by the placenta during pregnancy
analytes
substances or chemicals that are being identified and measured
quantitative test
a test that is related to measuring the amount of something
qualitative test
a test that is performed by identifying or measuring by the qualities and visible/measurable properties of something
quality control
action is performed to ensure the reliability of test results by detecting and eliminating error
quality assurance
maintenance of a desired level of quality related to a service or piece of equipment
factors that could lead to false positive fecal occult blood tests
Red meats
Red dye
Aspirin and associated products
Vitamin C supplements
Iron supplements
Male: 13.5 to 17.5 g/dL
Female: 12 to 16 g/dL
normal result for hemoglobin (Hgb) test
Male: 41% to 53%
Female: 36% to 46%
normal result for hematocrit (Hct) test
4,500 to 11,000/mm3
normal result for white blood cell count in complete blood count (CBC) test
Male: 4.5 to 5.9 million/mm3
Female: 4 to 5.5 million/mm3
normal result for red blood cell count in complete blood count (CBC) test
150,000 to 400,000/mm3
normal result for platelet count in complete blood count (CBC) test
50% to 70% (of all white blood cells)
normal result for granulocyte ratio in complete blood count (CBC) test
value score of 80 to 95
normal result for MCV in complete blood count (CBC) test
70-100 mg/dL, fasting
normal result for blood glucose test
<5.7%
normal result for hemoglobin A1C test
130-200 mg/dL
normal results for total cholesterol in lipid profile
<100 mg/dL
normal results for LDL in lipid profile
>60 mg/dL
normal results for HDL in lipid profile
40 to 150 mg/dL
normal results for triglycerides in lipid profile
preanalytical phase of clinical lab testing
The provider orders a test to screen, monitor, or diagnose a patient’s condition.
A written or electronic requestion is filled out, showing the requested tests to be ordered, the specimen required, and where the specimen will be tested.
The specimen is collected, labeled, and processed.
The specimen is transported to the laboratory or properly prepared for offsite laboratory pickup.
errors that affect results during preanalytical phase
Inappropriate test request
Order entry error
Misidentification of the patient
Inappropriate container
Improperly labeling of specimen
Inadequate sample collection
Inadequate sample/anticoagulation ratio
analytical phase of clinical lab testing
Instruments are maintained and calibrated.
Controls are run and analyzed for each testing method.
The specimen is tested, and the results are compared with reference ranges.
The test results are logged and documented in the patient’s health record.
errors that affect results during analytical phase
Equipment malfunctions (Personnel are required to perform calibration on laboratory equipment. Preventive maintenance schedules must be followed and documented.)
Sample mix-up
Unindicated failure of quality controls
Procedures not properly followed
postanalytical phase of clinical lab testing
Specimens are properly discarded.
Analyses of control results are compared over time.
Patient reports from outside laboratories are logged or documented.
The provider interprets and signs all lab reports.
The patient is notified of the results in the office or is contacted by laboratory personnel.
The final report and all communication with the patient are documented in the patient’s health record.
errors that affect results during analytical phase
Failure to report
Improper data entry (Accurate recording is a key responsibility of the medical assistant.)
Excessive turnaround time
specialty testing
tests performed in the medical office that do not fall under point-of-care testing or CLIA-waived tests
Snellen chart
chart used to evaluate distance vision
Ishihara test
test used to assess for color deficiency (colorblindness)
tympanometry
records the movement of tympanic membrane in order to assess for hearing loss
normal tympanogram results
tympanometry produces a peak on the graph
abnormal tympanogram results
tympanometry produces a flat line on the graph
25 decibels
An adult who has normal hearing should be able to hear below _______.
15 decibels
A child who has normal hearing should be able to hear below ___________.
scratch allergy test
Test in which a diluted allergen is applied to a scratch or prick that has been made on the surface of the patient’s skin. The testing is usually conducted on the forearm or upper back. If a wheal occurs in the first 15 minutes, the allergist can identify the substance as a possible allergen and consider further allergy testing to be conducted intradermally.
intradermal allergy test
Test in which a diluted allergen is injected intradermally, and the patient is observed. An initial wheal is expected. If the wheal becomes inflamed with induration (raised, hard area), the substance can be identified and confirmed as an allergen.
80-120%
expected value for FEV1 , FVC, and TLC during a pulmonary function test (with 95% confidence)
75-120%
expected value for FRC and RV during a pulmonary function test (with 95% confidence)
within 5% of predicted value
expected value for absolute FEV1/FVC ratio during a pulmonary function test (with 95% confidence)