Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding

matter

anything taking up space that has mass (like solid, liquid or gas)

element

substance that cant be broken down but can be used to make compounds. 92/118 are found in nature.

compound

substance made of two or more different elements.

How do single elements become stable?

form chemical bonds with each other

Octet rule

elements will change their electrons to regain stability and their valence shell

chemical bonds

attraction between two electrons by transferring valence electrons.

covalent bonds

two or more atoms share electrons

electronegativity

measure of an atoms ability to attract electrons to itself

nonpolar covalent

atoms equally share electrons

polar covalent

atoms dont give equal amounts of electrons

ionic bonds

attraction between oppositely charged atoms (ions)

hydrogen bonds

separate hydrogen atoms into positive and negative poles attract

polarity

polar covalent bonds created by uneven sharing of electrons INSIDE the water molecule

cohesion

attraction of molecules of the same kind. Allows water and other nutrients to traverse plants.

adhesion

attraction of two different molecules

surface tension

Water molecules on the surface have greater inward pull than ones under since theres nothing above them to balance the forces

Capillary action

upward movement of water, when cohesion > adhesion

Density (floating ice)

water becoming less dense as it turns into ice from hydrogen bonds

High Specific Heat

Water resists temperature changes via hydrogen bonds

cation

a positively charged ion

anion

a negatively charged ion

solvent

dissolving agent in a solution. Water is a universal form as its polar molecules are ions and it can form many bonds with its hydrogen