HP252 Quizlet Study Guide Exam 2

Receptive Language

Comprehension of spoken, written, and signed language.

Expressive Language

Production of spoken, written, or signed language.

Phonology

Sounds and rules governing sound combinations in language.

Semantics

Meaning of words and relationships between them.

Syntax

Arrangement of words to form grammatically correct sentences.

Morphology

Internal structure of words affecting their meaning.

Pragmatics

Social use of language and understanding context.

Bilingualism

Learning multiple languages without causing delays.

Reflexive Vocalizations

Non-volitional sounds made by infants (birth-2 months).

Cooing

Volitional sounds of comfort (2-4 months).

Vocal Play

Sustained vowel sounds and playful vocalizations (4-6 months).

Canonical Babble

Emergence of CV syllables with adult-like timing (6+ months).

Reduplicated Babble

Same consonants repeated in babble (e.g., duh-duh).

Variegated Babble

Different consonants in babble sequences (e.g., buh-doo).

Jargon

Adult-like intonation with nonsensical speech (10+ months).

Babble Predictor

Frequency of babble correlates with future vocabulary.

First Words

Initial recognizable words produced by children.

Consonant Production

Articulation of consonants in speech development.

Expressive Language at 2 Years

Use of directives and verbs begins.

Expressive Language at 3 Years

Complete sentences and back-and-forth conversation emerge.

Pragmatics at 12-18 Months

Refers to objects, begins two-word utterances.

Vocabulary at 24 Months

Average of 200-300 words by age two.

Symbolic Play

Pretending objects represent something else (e.g., banana as phone).

Early emergence of -ing

Initial use of present participle form in speech.

Plural -s

Use of plural marker for multiple items.

Negative forms

Inclusion of 'no', 'not', 'can't', 'don't' in speech.

Rising intonation in questions

Questions formed with upward pitch at end.

Wanna and gonna

Informal contractions for 'want to' and 'going to'.

Use of 'why'

Incorporation of interrogative for questioning reasons.

Basic spatial terms

Understanding of location descriptors like 'in', 'on'.

Present tense auxiliaries

Use of helping verbs in present tense.

Overgeneralized past-tense forms

Incorrect application of regular past tense rules.

Narratives as sequences

Storytelling involving ordered events and actions.

Topic continuation

Maintaining subject focus across multiple sentences.

Semantic relations

Meaning connections between adjacent sentences.

Complex sentences

Emergence of sentences with multiple clauses.

Irregular past tense

Correct use of non-standard past verb forms.

Articles

Use of 'the' and 'a' in sentences.

Possessives

Indicating ownership using possessive forms.

Full prepositional clauses

Complete phrases indicating relationships in space/time.

Wh- clauses

Questions formed with 'who', 'what', 'where', etc.

Simple infinitives

Basic verb forms used without conjugation.

Conjunctions

Words like 'and', 'because' to join sentences.

Reporting on past events

Describing actions that occurred previously.

Reasoning and predicting

Ability to think logically and foresee outcomes.

Expresses empathy

Demonstrating understanding of others' feelings.

Creating roles in play

Engaging in imaginative scenarios with props.

Receptive language development

Beginning to comprehend spoken language and meanings.

High frequency vocabulary

Understanding commonly used words in communication.

Simple directions

Following basic instructions given verbally.

Wh- questions

Understanding questions asking for specific information.

Semantic Elements

Units of meaning understood by children.

1-Step Directions

Simple instructions children can follow easily.

Relational Terms

Words indicating relationships, like pronouns and prepositions.

Attentional Focus Shift

Ability to respond to changing language contexts.

Conceptual Attributes

Identifying objects by category or function.

Exclusionary Concepts

Understanding terms like all, but, except.

Temporal Terms

Words indicating time, like before and after.

Passive Voice Understanding

Interpreting sentences without active subject-verb structure.

Genetic Syndromes

Inherited conditions affecting speech and language.

Neurological Differences

Conditions like autism affecting language development.

Anatomical Differences

Physical variations impacting speech, like cleft palate.

Deaf or Hard of Hearing

Hearing impairments affecting language acquisition.

Global Developmental Delays

Delays in multiple developmental areas, including language.

Acquired Speech Disorders

Language issues arising after typical development.

Speech Sound Production

How sounds are articulated and understood.

Intelligibility

Clarity of speech understood by listeners.

Receptive Language

Understanding spoken language and communication.

Expressive Language

Ability to convey thoughts through speech.

Fluency Disorders

Challenges with smoothness and continuity of speech.

Voice Quality

Characteristics of voice, including resonance.

AAC

Augmentative and Alternative Communication methods.

504 Plans

Educational plans for students with disabilities.

Developmental disabilities (DD)

Umbrella term for impairments affecting major life activities.

Major life activities

Activities impacted by developmental disabilities, affecting daily functioning.

Intellectual disabilities (ID)

Specific type of developmental disability affecting cognitive function.

Prevalence of DDs

Increased diagnoses due to awareness and screening improvements.

Boys vs Girls in DDs

Boys diagnosed more frequently; symptoms vary by gender.

Causes of ID

One-third genetic, one-third trauma/toxins, one-third unknown.

Prenatal conditions

Conditions affecting development before birth, linked to ID.

Down syndrome

Common chromosomal condition, ~1/700 births in the US.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS)

Most common inherited cause of ID after Down syndrome.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Preventable condition caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Genetic disorder lacking enzyme to break down phenylalanine.

Klinefelter syndrome (47-XXY)

Condition affecting male development, both physical and cognitive.

Williams Syndrome

Genetic condition with distinct physical and behavioral traits.

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Genetic cause of obesity; characterized by constant hunger.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction.

Diagnosis age range for ID

Commonly diagnosed between ages 8-12 and 13-17.

Cultural differences in DDs

Distrust in medical systems may affect diagnosis rates.

Screening tools for DDs

Refined tools have improved identification of developmental disabilities.

Impact of FXS on autism

⅓ of FXS children also diagnosed with autism spectrum.

Common physical traits

Physical characteristics shared among various developmental disabilities.

Behavioral characteristics

Traits associated with specific developmental disabilities, influencing behavior.

Transitioning to adult care

Importance of moving from pediatric to adult healthcare.

ASD Symptoms

3/3 symptoms required for diagnosis.

Additional Symptom Criteria

2 criteria (C and D) for ASD diagnosis.

Severity Spectrum

Symptom severity determines placement on a spectrum.

Autism Prevalence

Higher diagnosis rates in boys than girls.

Diagnosis Delay

Access issues may delay autism diagnosis.