✨✨Chapter 25 The Urinary System

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The ______ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of kidney

A. cortical radiate

B. interlobar

C. lobar

D. arcuate

D. arcuate

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it _______

A. produces vitamin D and other chemical needed by the kidney

B. is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys

C. stabilizes th position of the kidnes by holding them in their normal position

D. ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently

C. stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

What is the outcome of ketosis

A. water retention and edema

B. metabolic acidosis

C. glucogenesis

D. glycogen buildup

E. metabolic alkalosis

B. metabolic acidosis

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of

A. glycogen

B. lactic acid

C. amino acids

D. fatty acids

D. fatty acids

The urinary bladder is composed of ________epithelium

A. pseudostratified columnar

B. stratified squamous

C. transitional

D. simple squamous

C. transitional

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)

A. somatic motor neurons

B. the stretching of the bladder wall

C. the pressure of the fluid in the ureters

D. the sumpathetic efferents

B. the stretching of the bladder wall

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle

A. fenestrated capillary

B. A vasa recta

C. an efferent arteriole

D. a podocyte

B. A vasa recta

Select the correct statement about the ureters

A. the ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only

B. the epithellium is stratifided squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch

C. ureteres contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine

D. the ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract

D. the ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ______

A. when the pH of the urine decreases

B. by a decrease in the blood pressure

C. when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10

D. when the peritubular capillaries are dilated

B. by a decrease in the blood pressure

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a _________

A. increase in the production of ADH

B. increase in the production of aldosterone

C. decrease in the production of ADH

D. decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma

A. increase in the production of ADH

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it _________

A. has a basement membrane

B. is drained by an efferent arteriole

C. has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems

D. Is impermeable to most substances

B. is drained by an efferent arteriole

The renal corpuscle is made up of _______

A. the renal pyramid

B. the descending nephron loop

C. the renapl papilla

D. Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

D. Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH

A. by producing new bicarbonate ions

B. by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions

C. by secreting sodium ions

D. by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate

C. by secreting sodium ions

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the

A. glomerular capsule

B. Nephron

C. nephron loop

D. capsular space

B. Nephron

The chief force pusing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________

A. the ionic electrochemical gradient

B. protein-regulated diffusion

C. the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries

D. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

D. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system

A. maintains blood osmolarity

B. eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

C. helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume and pressure of blood

D. regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones

B. eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbond dioxide, water, salts, and heat

The macula densa cells respond to _______

A. changes inpressure in the tubule

B. antidiuretic hormone

C. changes in solute content of the filtrate

D. aldosterone

C. changes in solute content of the filtrate

The functin of angiotensin II is to

A. decrease water absorption

B. decrease the rpduction of aldosterone

C. decrease arterial blood pressure

D. constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

D. constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

The descending limb of the nephron loop _____

A. pulls water by osmosis in to the lumen of the tubule

B. contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down in to the medulla

C. is not permeable to water

D. is freely permeable to sodium and urea

B. contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down in to the medulla

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ____

A. coma

B. diabetes insipidus

C. diabetes mellitus

D. diabetic acidosis

B. diabetes insipidus

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex

A. mesangial cells

B. podocyte cells

C. macula densa

D. granular cells

B. podocyte cells

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by

A. countertransport

B. secondary active transport

C. facilitated diffusion

D. passive transport

B. secondary active transport

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is

A. cotransport with potassium ions

B. active transport

C. filtration

D. osmosis

D. osmosis

The filtration membrane includes all except

A. podocytes

B. basement membrane

C. glomerular endothelim

D. renal fascia

D. renal fascia

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is

A. slightly lower than water

B. the same as water

C. slightly higher than water

D. much lower than water

C. slightly higher than water

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal

A. net filtration would decrease

B. capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change

C. net filtration would increase above normal

D. Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure

A. net filtration would decrease

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ______

A. collecting duct

B. distal convoluted tubule

C. nephron loop

D. glomerular filtration membrane

C. nephron loop

Which of the following choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron

A. macula densa

B. vasa recta

C. principal cell

D. nephron loop

A. macula densa

Select the correct statement about the nephrons

A. podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron

B. The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium

C. the glomerulus is corretly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule

D. filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their names

B. The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)

A. only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function

B. only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction

C. kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy

D. kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age

C. kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy

Which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex

A. its granular cells produce rennin

B. it regulates the rate of filtrate formation

C. it helps control systemic blooc pressure

D. its macula densa cells produce aldosterone

D. its macula densa cells produce aldosterone

Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance

A. it occurs whenever amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream

B. a negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis

C. it is a condition usually caused by having a diet high in fish

and meat

D. protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis

D. protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis

The fluid in the glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of

A. electrolytes

B. plasma protein

C. glucose

D. hormones

B. plasma protein

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration method

A. electrolyte levels

B. neural regulation

C. renal autoregulation

D. hormonl regulation

A. electrolyte levels

What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A. help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

B. help regulate blood pressure and the rate of erythropoietin synthesis by the kidneys

C. help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys

D. help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys

A. help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

Which of the choices below is the least important role of tubular secretion

A. eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes

B. ridding the body of bicarbonate ions

C. ridding the body of excessive potassium ions

D. disposing of substances not already in the filtrate, such as certain drugs

B. ridding the body of bicarbonate ions

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it

A. increases secretion of ADH

B. increases the rate of glomerular filtration

C. is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells

D. inhibits the release of ADH

D. inhibits the release of ADH

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule

A. Na+

B. creatinine

C. glucose

D. K+

B. creatinine

The proximal convuluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct

FALSE

The collecing duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH

FALSE

Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition

TRUE

Both the male and female urethras serve the urinary and reproductive systems

FALSE

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is decribed by the term retroperitoneal

TRUE

The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding

TRUE

The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle

TRUE

Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate

TRUE

Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption throuth the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption

TRUE

Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress

FALSE

Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water

FALSE

An excessive urine output is called anuria

FALSE

Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption

TRUE