IS Recalls

Father of Vaccine / Vaccination

Edward Jenner

Father of Immunology

Edward Jenner (1st)

Louis Pasteur (2nd)

Progenitor of Modern Immunology

Louis Pasteur

Father of MODERN Immunology

Cesar Milstein

WHICH OF THE FF IS TRUE REGARDING THE FIRST DOSE OF VACCINE COMPARED TO THE SECOND DOSE?

A. FIRST DOSE HAS A STRONGER IMMUNE RESPONSE COMPARED TO THE SECOND DOSE

B. SECOND DOSE HAS A STRONGER IMMUNE RESPONSE COMPARED TO THE FIRST DOSE

C. NO DIFFERENCE

D. AOTA

B. SECOND DOSE HAS A STRONGER IMMUNE RESPONSE COMPARED TO THE FIRST DOSE

Developed Cellular Theory of Immunity through Phagocytosis

Elie Metchnikoff

Developed polio vaccine

Salk and Sabin

Developed the First monoclonal antibodies (hybridoma)

Kohler

In 1877, Robert Koch used ___ to develop Koch Postulates

anthrax

When was the first vaccine for anthrax created? Who created the vaccine?

1881

Louis Pasteur

When was the discovery of T cell receptor gene?

1984

In 1987, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his 1978 discovery of the genetic principles underlying the generation of antibodies with different specificities.

Susumu Tonegawa

TRUE OR FALSE

Cytokines can be seen in both natural and adaptive immunity.

TRUE

What are the different mechanical barriers for the body’s first line of defense?

skin, mucous membrane, cillia, mucus

Which cells produces Acute Phase Reactants?

Hepatocytes

Which Acute Phase Reactants increases to 1000x?

CRP and Serum Amyloid A

This is the major cytokine responsible for APK production?

IL-6

APR that play a role in the metabolism of cholesterol

Serum Amyloid A

What type of infection does Serum Amyloid A significantly increase?

bacterial infections

Which of the following is not a phagocyte?

a. Neutriphil

b. Monocyte

c. Mast Cell

d. Dendritic Cell

c. Mast Cell

What is the most potent phagocyte?

Dendritic Cells

What is the normal ratio of CD4+ : CD8+ cells?

2:1

What is the normal ratio of CD8+ : CD4+ cells?

1:2 or 0.5:1

What is the AIDS CD4+ cell count?

<200 cells / uL

What is the normal CD4+ cell count?

500-1300 cells/uL

These are immature T Cells that lack CD4, CD8, and CD3.

Triple Negative Thymocytes

What cell/s will stimulate B Cells to produce antibodies?

T Helper Cells

These are actively small lymphocytes that produce cytokines / lymphokines.

Sensitized T Cells

What is the precursor cell in antibody production, and a precursor of plasma cells?

B Cells

CD8+ and NK cells annihilate through the secretion of:

a. perforins

b. defisins

c. lactoferrin

a. perforins

Large Granular Lymphocytes (LGL) are the largest lymphocytes and the least predominant. What is the other name of this lymphocyte?

Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)

What are the CD Markers of NK Cells?

• CD16

• CD56

• CD94

Once activated by IL-2, NK cells are now called the _____.

Lymphokine Killer Activated Cells (LAK)

What is the cytokine responsible for the development of NK Cells?

IL-15

What test uses monoclonal antibodies to identify surface markers (eg. CD Markers)?

immunophenotyping

This is a surface marker fro pre-B CALLA

CD10

This surface marker is a receptor for complement component C3d, and a part of B cell co-receptor with CD19

CD21

What laboratory identification method is the least expensive to quantify T-lymphocytes?

Rosette Technique

Sheep RBC attached to the ____ of T cells in the E-rosette assay of Rosette technique.

CD2+

What is the chemical composition of the most immunogenic immunogen?

proteins

In 1930s, the first adjuvant was discovered by Freund containing killed mycobacteria. However, this is not suitable for human use. What is this called?

Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA)

What is the most widely used adjuvant?

Alum

Which immunoglobulin is best in precipitation?

IgG

Which immunoglobulin is best in agglutination and complement fixation?

IgM

Which antibody is in the first line of defense?

IgA (product of adaptive but participates in the natural immunity)

Which of the following form of antibody is found in secretions?

a. Monomer

b. Dimer

c. Pentamer

d. Monomer and Dimer

b. Dimer (IgA2)

It is the least abundant immunoglobulin in the serum, and the most heat labile antibody.

IgE

An immortal cell capable of producing indefinite sequence of nucleotides.

Hybridoma

What is the latest / current use of hybridoma technology?

Immunotherapy

What complement component does the alternative pathway bypass?

it bypasses C1, C4, and C2

What complement component does the MBL pathway bypass?

C1qrs

What is the most common complement deficiency?

C2 Deficiency

What is the most severe complement deficiency?

C3 Deficiency

What complement components are deficient in cases of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

C1, C2, and C4

What is the most abundant, and the key intermediate complement component?

C3

What are the indicator cells used in the complement fixation test?

Sheep RBC coated with anti-sheep antibody

What is the source of complement used in the complement fixation test?

guinea pig

What is the positive result in the complement fixation test?

NO hemolysis

What is the negative result in the complement fixation test?

presence of HEMOLYSIS

What part of the immunity does cytokines participate?

natural and adaptive immunity

Which of the following cells does not produce cytokines?

a. T cells

b. B cells

C. Monocytes / Macrophages

b. B cells

Cytokine that acts as an endogenous pyrogen / induces fever.

IL-1

These interferons are produced by dendritic cells, and has been used to treat Hepatitis C and Kaposi’s Sarcoma.

Type 1 IFN

This cytokine acts as a control to help downregulate the inflammatory response when no longer needed.

Transforming Growth Factor-B (TGF-B)

Cytokine that promotes hematopoeisis

IL-3

Cytokine that is a major factor for the production of Acute Phase Reactants, and can be used as a renal stone marker.

IL-6

These are antigens that trigger Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.

allergens

What is the most common cause of death in SLE patients?

renal failure

What is the complement deficient in SLE?

C1, C2, and C4

What is the fluorescent pattern where anti-dsDNA is present?

Homegenous / Diffuse

or

Peripheral

Which fluorescent pattern appears to be highly selective for the CREST variant of progressive systemic sclerosis?

centromere pattern

Which antibody is associated with Wegener’s Granulomatosis?

Anti-neutrophilic Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)

How much diluent is needed to be added to a 0.2 mL of serum to make a 1:20 dilution?

a. 19.8 mL

b. 4.0 mL

c. 3.8 mL

d. 10.0 mL

c. 3.8 mL

In this zone, there is an antibody excess, can cause false negative reaction.

Pro-zone

In this zone, there is an antigen excess, can cause false negative reaction.

Post-zone

What is the cause of a false negative serological reaction in primary syphilis?

a. B cell immunodefficiency

b. prozone

c. postzone

d. cross reaction

c. postzone

What is the positive reaction for agglutination inhibition?

lack of agglutination

What is the composition of polyspecific AHG?

a. IgG or C3d

b. IgG and C3d

c. anti-IgG or anti-C3d

d. anti-IgG and anti-C3d

d. anti-IgG and anti-C3d

What is the next step when AHG result is negative?

validate the result with O Check Cells before reporting

What instrument is used to measure the number of non-agglutinating particles in a specimen?

Particle Counting Immunoassay (PACIA)

Which molecular method is used to detect the bacterial load of H. pylori in fecal samples?

Real-time PCR Technology (RT-PCR)

What bacteria is detected using the urea breath test?

Helicobacter pylori

What is the method of choice for the detection of H. pylori antibodies?

ELISA Technique

What is the primary antibody found in H. pylori infection?

a. IgG

b. IgA

c. IgM

d. IgD

e. IgE

a. IgG

Which heavy metal was used as the first treatment for syphilis, that was later on replaced by penicillin?

arsenic

tube number for CSF sample for IS

Tube # 1 and #4

What is the CDC Recommended test for Neurosyphilis?

VDRL

What is the purpose of adding charcoal to the reagent in RPR?

for better visualization of the reaction (agglutination)

The detection in manan and anti-manan will aid in what fungal infection?

Candidiasis

Which procedure/test is used to differentiate Candida albicans from other Candida spp.?

Peptide-Nuclear Acid Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (PNA-FISH)

In the Cryptococcal Latex Agglutination Test, what is being detected in the sample of the patient?

Cryptococcal Polysaccharide Antigen

What is the disadvantage of the Cryptococcal Latex Agglutination Test?

it may cause false positives (RF)

When does false positive reactions occur in Coccidiodomycosis?

cross-reactions in patients with acute histoplasmosis

What stain is used in the Sabin-Feldman Dye Test for the detection of Toxoplasma?

Methylene Blue

method of choice in detecting Toxoplasma antibodies in serum

Enzyme Immunoassay

method of choice in detecting Toxoplasma antibodies in CSF

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

most widely used for detecting Toxoplasma antibodies in serum

Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)

What cytokine “interfere” with the ability of viruses to replicate?

interferons

Marker of acute Hepatitis D infection

a. Anti-HDV IgM

b. Anti-HDV IgG

c. HDV DNA

d. HDV RNA

a. Anti-HDV IgM

What is the most common mode of transmission for Hepatitis B?

sexual transmission