Cam Johnson Unit 2 Fundamentals

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Last updated 12:06 PM on 9/22/26

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State the characteristics of alcohol (names, functional group, general formula, solubility, polarity and boiling point)

Name

All alcohols’ name ends in ‘-ol’.

Functional group

The functional group of alcohols is ‘-OH’ (hydroxyl group).

General formula

The general formula for alcohols is Cn H2n+1 OH.

Polarity

The C-O and O-H bonds are polar due to the high electronegativity of the oxygen atom, allowing alcohols to form hydrogen bonds and be polar.

Solubility

Soluble when small - lower alcohols (1 to 4 carbon atoms) are completely miscible or soluble in water because they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules and decrease with size - solubility in water decreases as the length of the non-polar hydrocarbon chain (the hydrophobic part) increases.

Boiling point

Relatively high: Alcohols have significantly higher boiling points than alkanes, ethers, or haloalkanes of similar molecular mass.

Intermolecular forces: This is caused by strong hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules, which requires extra thermal energy to break.

Chain length effect: Boiling points increase as the carbon chain gets longer due to increased van der Waals forces

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How are esters formed?

Formed by condensation reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol which produces ester and water.

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State the equation for a condensation reaction including the reactants and the products.

carboxylic acid + alcohol —> ester + water

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Draw the structural & shortened structural formula for the reactants and products in a condensation reaction between ethanoic acid and methanol. Name the products.