A&P - Test 2 review

Which of the following is true of synovial joints?

1) Functionally classified as synarthrosis

2) Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage

3) Functionally classified as amphiarthrosis

4) Bones are connected by fluid-filled cavity

4) Bones are connected by fluid-filled cavity

A meniscus is….

1) A fibrocartilage pad that provides padding between bones

2) A fluid filled space that prevents friction between muscle tendon and underlying bone

3) the articular cartilage that covers the ends of a bone at a synovial joint

4) The lubricating fluid within a synovial joint

1) A fibrocartilage pad that provides padding between bones

What do ribs do? Where does each set cover?

1) Protect your important stuff, Help you breathe, Give shape and support

2) 1–7: “True ribs”

• Each rib connects directly to your breastbone (the bone in the middle of your chest).

• They protect the heart and lungs.

8–10: “False ribs”

• They don’t connect directly to the breastbone — they’re kind of “indirectly” attached.

• They still help protect the lower lungs and upper belly stuff (like part of the liver and diaphragm).

11–12: “Floating ribs”

• These last 2 pairs are called “floating” because they don’t connect to the front at all — only to the spine.

• They hang out near the bottom of your ribcage and help protect the kidneys and some of the lower organs.

What are ribs attatched to on each end? What do those structures do?

1) The ribs connect to the spine and sternum/cartilage (all besides the “floating” 11th and 12th)

2) The spine supports your body and helps the ribs move. The sternum hold the ribs together, protects organs, and helps with breathing

Where does each rib type fall in the “Mobility vs stability” balance

1) True ribs (1-7) - High stability low mobility

2) False ribs (8-10) - mid point of stability and mobility

3) Floating ribs (11-12) - low stability high mobility

The epidermis is primarily what type of cell?

Keratinocytes

Which of the following epidermal layers is only found in thick skin ?

1) Stratum basale

2) Stratum spinosum

3) Stratum lucidum

4) Stratum corneum

Stratum Luciderm

Earwax is produced by which gland?

Ceruminous gland

Resp failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin, which is more evident in light-skinned individuals. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change?

Hemoglobin

Squamous cell carcinomas are the 2nd most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells?

1) Basal cells of the stratum basale

2) Keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

3) Melanocytes of the stratum basale

d) Langerhans cells of the stratum lucidum

2) Keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

Label each level of structural organization below with examples from the skin

1) Cell →

2) Tissue →

3) Organ →

4) Organ system →

1) Cell → Keratinocytes

2) Tissue → epithelial

3) Organ → Epidermis

4) Organ system → Integumentary

your body has multiple requirements for life. Which one is your skin directly involved in regulating? Explain the basic mechanisms of how it does this

Regulating your temp: Sweating (evaporation) cools you down. Glands produce swear, as it evaporated it cools you down.

Blood vessels constriction happens when you are cold. This constricts your blood vessels and reduces blood flow to the skin which conserves your body temp

What ways (other than regulating your temp) does skin contribute to homeostasis

1) Protection

2) Kepping you hydrated

3) Vit. D synthesis

4) Responsiveness

How is pH important to the skin?

the acid mantle creates a low pH which reduces bacterial growth

which important trait of lipids does the skin rely on? What function does this contribute to?

Lemellar bodies contain glycolipids which make the skin waterproof

What are the 2 specific proteins that are present in the skin in large amounts? What are their function

Keratin - creating a dry layer on top of the dermis

Collagen - attracts and binds water, keeping the skin hydrated and firm

What kind of cell junctions are important in the epidermis? Describe the basic structure of those junctions and their functions

1) Desmesomes - made of cadherin proteins. These anchor and provide strength

2) Tight junctions - Made of claudins and occlaudins. These act as a tight seal

3) Gap junctions - made of channel proteins. These allow for cell-cell communication

Match each of the following skin layers with their main function:

1) Stratum basale

2) Stratum spinosum

3) Stratum corneum

a) Actively dividing stem cells

b) Waterproof barrier of dead cells

c) Strong desmosomal junctions between cells

1) Stratum basale - a) Actively dividing stem cells

2) Stratum spinosum - c) Strong desmosomal junctions between cells

3) Stratum corneum - b) Waterproof barrier of dead cells

Keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum produce and release lemellar bodies containing glycolipids. What roles do you think specific organelles have in producing them? (hint: What kind of macromolecule is a glycolipid? Where are materials packaged in cells?)

Glycolipids are a type of lipid (macromolecules). Materals are packaged via the smooth ER (prod of glycolipids). Production requires synthesis, modification, and packaging for exocytosis. So the organelles that are needed for production are….

1) Smooth ER - Production of glycolipids

2) Golgi - shipping and handeling

3) Lemellar bodies - use exocytosis to release contents

Where in the skin do you find each kind of tissue? What tissue subtypes?

a) Epithelial

b) Connective

c) Muscle:

d) Nervous

a) Epithelial: Found in the epidermis (Subtype - Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)

b) Connective: Found in the dermis and hypodermis (Subtype - Areolar connective, dense irregular, and adipose)

c) Muscle: Found in hair follicles and blood vessels (Muscle → errector pilli) (Smooth muscle → involuntary)

d) Nervous: Found in the dermis and sensory structures (Nervous → never endings, corpuscles)

A major function of the integumentary system is thermoregulation. What are 2 major thermoregulatory mechanisms of the skin? (explain in a simple and concise way)

Two major thermoregulatory mechanisms of the skin are:

1. Sweating: When the body gets too hot, sweat glands release sweat onto the skin’s surface. As the sweat evaporates, it cools the body down.

2. Vasodilation: Blood vessels in the skin widen (dilate) to increase blood flow near the surface. This helps release excess heat from the blood into the air, cooling the body.

These processes help maintain a stable internal body temperature.