Massive review I fucking hate this class

What is chemogenetics

Engineering of proteins to interact with previously unrecognized small molecules

Limitations of standard cannulation

Variability in placements, tissue damage, different brains, risk for infection

Brain areas are heterogenous or homogenous

Heterogenous

Optogenetics allow us to do what?

Study of neuronal activity in precise

WHat is optogenetics

Usage of genetic tools to target expression of light sensitive proteins to specific neurons

Lentiviruses

Viral DNA that integrates its own DNA into a host.

What does a lentivirus produce

long term changes in protein expression

What is an advantage of a lentivirus?

The ability of it to be able to recognize to any receptor you want using cell promoters

How is a lentiform virus different from an AAV or herpes?

Those do not incorporate into the host genome

What are advantages of Adeno-associated Vectors?

1. They trigger a low immune response

2. Highly customizable targetting

3. They do not integrate themselves

What are disadvantages of Adeno-associated Vectors?

Limited payload capacity

What causes the conformational change for photosensitivt ion channels?

Light

Channelrhodopsin is used for

Excitation of neurons. It is cation channel specific

Halorhodopsin

Used for inhibition like Cl

BPR is used for

Proton efflux hyperpolarizing

Bacterial cyclases are used for

introducing cAMP

Amygdala plays a critical role in

Attentional focus and desire in a winner takes all manner

Amygdala attentional focus simulates

Addiction and attention solely on the addiction

Optogenetics can be used to visualize what?

Projections

Light through CHR2 channels does produce what?

Action potentials and downstream signalling

Limitations of optogenetics

Variability among animal subjects

Optogenetics limitations #2

Possible tissue damage

Optogenetics limitations #3

MONEY

Chemogenetics advantage

Minimally invasive and virus is not needed for expression

What chemogenetics can’t target?

Deep brain regions

Dread coding sequence is fairly ____ allowing it to be packed into viral vectors

Short

One or many animals can be tested under chemogenetics

many

What are the 3 categories of AI?

1. Weak and applied AI

2. Strong and generalized AI

3. Super, concious AI

Most AI applications rely on what?

A variation of machine learning from an initial input

What is the main usage of AI in neuroscience?

Identification of biomarkers and prediction

Deep Lab Cut AI is used to

Improve and refine behavioral analysis

Cocaine is a stimulant that produced strong locomotor behavior except…

At high doses or in addiction

Gamma waves

Higher order cognition, working memory and concentration

Beta waves

Increase when concentrating, making decisions, solving problems etc.

Alpha waves

Awake and alert but calm. During creativity

Theta waves

Involved in relaxation, peaks as we fall asleep and as we wake, involved in implicity learning

Delta

Involved in deep sleep, and gneerally seen during Rem

Jedi vs Jumpers

“Jedi” mentally manipulated objects in the VR space

“Jumpers” mentally navigated toward the object

What is CRISPR?

A natural immune response in bacteria

What is an example of Crispr in Huntington’s?

Suppressing mutant HTT genes using the CRISPR editing

What are the two viral vectors used for in CRISPR?

1. RNA encoding of CAS9

2. DNA encoding for RFP (red flourescent protein)

What complexes with Cas9?

The sgRNA.

What corrects the gene of interest in CRISPR?

Homology directed repair

What disrupts the gene of interest in CRISPR?

Non-homologous end joining

What is the problem with trying HTT knockout in mice?

It is lethal

CRISPr was first shown in an AAV vector

Mice on balancing beams

What is a challenge of Crispr?

Sometimes unintended sites of action can occur.

Challenge regarding the brain and CRISPR?

Crossing the BBB is difficult

Challenge regarding ethics and CRISPR?

GENE EDITING BRUH

CRISPR babies example

Dad had HIV, scientist made the babies HIV resistant. He didnt get consent to do so

What’s the nuremberg code?

Anti nazi research rules for studying. Not bulletproof though

What the FLIP is the belmont report?

Further US regulation to reduced ethical violations of medical research

In the US, theres the Nuremberg code, the Belmont report and one more. What is it?

Instituional review boards. To evaluate the need for humans, approve it, and periodically check in

Alexis and Dr Beaumont.

Alexis was shot, and had a wound that let him see into the stomach. Then the guy wanted to study it

What did ST Martin and Beaumont violate?

The Belmont code of being coerced into needing roof and money. Did not violate Nuremberg code

Willowbrook hepatitis crisis

“Welp, they were gonna get it anyways”

Willowbrook violations

Not nuremberg, Violated belmont undue influence and high risk

Tuskegee trials

Treating siphilis, however they treated sharecropper africans and basically fucked with them.

Tuskegee trials violations.

Nuremberg and Belmont across the board

What is IACUC for?

Basically checking to make sure animals will be necessary and up to par