Chapter 22: Immune

Skin is an important part of the immune system. It acts as a ____________ boundary between germs and your body.

Skin is tough and generally impermeable to bacteria and viruses. The skin also secretes ____________ substances.

Tears and mucus contain ____________ that breaks down the cell wall of many bacteria.

Saliva is also antibacterial. Because the nasal passage and lungs are coated in ____________ , many germs are trapped in this substance and soon ____________ down the esophagus.

primary

antibacterial

lysozyme

mucus, swallowed

label into the appropriate position to identify what cell type is described by the label.

T-lymphocytes

B-lymphocytes

Both

T-lymphocytes

-Mature in thymus

-The most numerous lymphocyte

-Can produce lethal hits to infected self-cells

-Direct activation produced by MHC-I recognition

-Direct activation produced by MHC-II recognition

B-lymphocytes

-Can become antibody producing factories

-Differentiate into plasma cells when activated

Both

-Lymphocytes

-Arise originally from bone marrow

-Capable of producing memory cells

Arrange the following in the sequence in which they occur during the inflammatory response.

1. Neutrophils roll along endothelium

2. Integrin activation

3. Margination

1,2,3

Interferons ( IFNs) are a class of ____________ released from a variety of cells, including leukocytes and ____________ . IFN serves as a ____________ defense mechanism against the spread of any ____________ infection.

cytokines

fibroblasts

nonspecific

viral

Histamine is released from mast cells.

True

False

True

Indicate whether the label identifies a specific or nonspecific form of defense.

Specific:

B-lymphocytes

Antibodies

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Plasma cells

Nonspecific:

Skin

Neutrophils

Monocytes

1. Four cardinal signs of ____________ are recognized.

2. Erythrocytes arriving at the site and perfusing the dermis are visible through the skin which produces ____________ .

3. The increase in blood flow to an area of injury or infection brings ____________ from the axial regions of the body.

4. With increased blood flow and leakiness of capillaries, fluids are delivered to the tissue faster than they are removed resulting in ____________ .

5. Swelling increases the pressure of fluids and mechanical structures on adjacent structures and thus activating receptors for ____________ .

1. inflammation

2. redness

3. heat

4. swelling (edema)

5. pain

1. T-lymphocytes mature and differentiate in the ____________ .

2. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ____________ secrete antibodies.

3. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ____________ in direct contact with the cell in order to kill it.

4. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes secrete ____________ , which cause a hole in the victim cell's plasma membrane.

1. thymus

2. do not

3. need to be

4. perforins

Classify each item as a first, second, or third line of defense.

First Line of Defense:

- Skin

- Mucosal membranes

Second Line of Defense:

- Eosinophils

- Inflammation

- Fever

Third Line of Defense:

- Cell-mediated immunity

- Lymphocytes

- Antibodies

Categorize the following as a risk or benefit due to a fever.

Benefits

- increased adaptive immunity activity

- increased interferon activity

- decreased replication of pathogens

- increased tissue repair

Risks

- increased protein denaturation

Indicate whether each item identifies a specific or nonspecific form of defense.

Specific:

Vaccines

Memory

Third line of defense

Nonspecific:

Acid mantle

Lysozyme

First line of defense

Defensins

Hyaluronic Acid

Second line of defense

Cytokines are small, soluble 1.____________ produced by cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system to regulate and facilitate immune system activity. A cytokine is released from one cell and binds to a specific 2.____________ of a target cell, where its action is similar to that of a hormone. Cytokines can act on the cell that released it 3.( ____________ ), local neighboring cells 4.( ____________ ), or circulate in the blood to cause systemic effects 5.( ____________ ).

1. proteins

2. receptor

3. autocrine

4. paracrine

5. endocrine

Basophils and 1.____________ are both proinflammatory chemical secreting cells. Recall that 2.____________ circulate in the blood, and 3.____________ reside in connective tissue of the skin, mucosal linings, and various internal organs. These cells release granules during the inflammatory response. These cellular granules contain various substances including 4.____________ , which increases both vasodilation and capillary permeability, and 5.____________ , an anticoagulant. They also release 6.____________ from their plasma membrane which increase(s) inflammation.

1. mast cells

2. basophils

3. mast cells

4. histamine

5. heparin

6. eicosanoids

A patient has an elevated body temperature that has been stable for 48 hours. Which stage of fever is she likely in?

Stadium

Defervesence

Onset

Decline

Stadium

A fever inhibits reproduction of ____________ and viruses, promotes ____________ activity, ____________ activity of ____________ immunity, and accelerates ____________ repair.

bacteria

interferon

increases

adaptive

tissue

High fever is dangerous because proteins may denature and metabolic pathways may change.

True

False

True

1. A ____________ is an abnormal elevation of the body temperature.

2. A low to moderate fever, when allowed to run its course, can be ____________ .

3. Fever can ____________ interferon activity.

4. Fever can also ____________ tissue repair.

5. Lastly, fever will inhibit the ____________ of bacteria and viruses.

1. fever

2. beneficial

3. promote

4. accelerate

5. reproduction