society part 1
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106 Terms
what is a persons?
Every person is unique and shaped by their environment and interactions with others.
We all have our own identity, personality, body and DNA.
Identity develops through experiences and relationships at personal, community and wider society levels.
Example include;
Personality
Life style
what is a society?
Society is the setting where we live and interact.
It includes people, groups and systems like family, school, friends and social media.
Examples include;
Groups
Institutions
what is culture?
Culture is the shared beliefs, values, behaviors and traditions of a group.
It shapes lifestyle through customs, rules, arts, technology and ways of thinking.
Culture changes over time and is not fixed.
Examples include;
Language
Class & Status
what is environment?
The physical surroundings where people and societies live. (urban, rural, coastal, etc.).
The environment affects opportunities, lifestyle and interactions.
Examples include;
Location
Surroundings
what is time?
All people, societies and cultures exist within a time period (past, present, future).
Different cultures understand time in different ways.
Beliefs and values shape how time is viewed and experienced.
E.g. Past, future and present.
what is power?
is the ability to influence or persuade others to a point of view or action which they may not always agree with.
Examples include;
an individual influencing community decision through their wealth.
what is authority?
Authority is the legitimate use of power to make decisions and settle issues.
It helps maintain order, create change and keep stability in society.
Examples include;
local councils making rules the community must follow.
what is gender?
Gender is the socially constructed differences between males and females.
It shapes roles in family life, work and behaviour.
It includes cultural ideas and expectations about masculinity and femininity, which vary between societies.
what is identity?
Identity is a person’s sense of self at personal, social and cultural levels.
It develops over time through experiences and interactions in society.
It is influenced by factors like gender, family, culture, class, ethnicity and beliefs.
what is technologies?
Technologies are tools that help people interact and function in society.
They can create change at personal, community and societal levels.
Communication technologies connect people and speed up social change.
what is globalization?
Globalisation is the worldwide sharing of goods, ideas, culture, knowledge and people.
It is seen in global businesses, sport, media and consumer trends.
Technology supports globalisation and makes the world more connected.
what is the levels of society?
micro
meso
macro
what is micro level?
Micro level (small scale)
Personal and close relationships.
Direct interactions with people around you.
Everyone knows each other or is a close acquaintance.
Shapes identity, values and daily behaviour.
Examples: family, friends, peers.
what is meso level?
Connections between small groups and organisations.
Where individuals interact with the wider community.
Influences opportunities, support and social experiences.
Examples:
Schools
Workplaces
churches.
what is macro level?
The broader society and global influences.
Includes laws, government, culture, media and economic systems.
Shapes social norms, beliefs and major life opportunities.
It is evident at national and international level.
Examples:
government policies
social media trends
national culture.
what is personal experience?
Personal Experience: refers to the knowledge gained from reflecting on individuals’ experiences.
one experiences when growing up.
what is public knowledge?
refers to the general knowledge that is available to everyone. It is found in the public domain, which is the work or research of others.
What is learned from school and secondary sources.
what is the process of research?
Decide on a topic. E.g. racism
Develop a focus question or hypothesis.
ATSI treatment in Australia.
Gather background information.
Find news articles on the topic.
Design the Research.
consider research methods best suited, interview, questionnaire.
Develop the research methods to be used.
E.g. Interview questions, questionnaire questions.
Apply the research methods efficiently.
respect your interviewee and their responses.
Compile and organise collected info so that it is manageable.
E.g. collect and collate your data.
Analyse, synthesise and interpret the findings.
E.g. analyse your responses, what info have you gathered?
Write up conclusions in an appropriate format, considering the audience.
E.g. researcher suggests new theories/ideas.
10. Check the final product and ensure bibliographical information is correct.
E.g. Editing to find typing mistakes
what is ethical research?
Social and cultural researchers are expected to conduct research in an ethical matter.
Why principles of ethical research are important:
Promotes trust that info collected will be used responsibly and treated with confidentially and trust.
Allows respondents to feel comfortable with the process, where they are more likely to offer genuine replies, leading to better knowledge for the researcher.
what is ethical research in practice?
In practice it means that:
The researcher is open and honest about the nature of their participation.
Participant rights to confidentiality and privacy are ensured.
The researcher is mindful of the special needs of vulnerable groups, such as children.
There is nothing covert (hidden) with the research.
what is the social and cultural literacy? and examples of it?
Is the idea that people should possess a body of knowledge/skills that allows them to share, communicate effectively and respect themselves and others.
Has a sense of person, social and cultural identity.
Appreciates diverse beliefs and values.
Researches effectively and ethically.
Aware of and sensitive to major national and global issues.
Avoids making judgement.
Has a sense of responsibility by engaging critical to social issues.
Aware of issues of discrimination.
what is quantitative research?
Researchers collect data that can be measured, counted or quantified, resulting in a statistical report and data that can be presented as percentages, graphs and tables.
The focus of quantitative research is WHAT and HOW MANY.
what are the main features of quantitative data?
Large and randomly selected sample of respondents who represent the particular population of interest.
Structured data collection instrument, with closed-ended or rating-scale questions
Quantities and trends identified; comparisons can be made
Participant characteristics can be hidden from the research
Researcher is not necessarily known to the participants
Lack of direct contact with the sample assists detachment of the researcher, allowing objectivity in research (care still to be taken by researcher in awareness of potential bias in questions)
Quantifies the findings in numerical data, tables, graphs and diagrams
what is qualitative research?
Researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of an issue through open-ended questioning, non-statistical research techniques, or value-based observations, providing detailed information on people’s thinking and feelings.
A qualitative investigation focuses on WHY and HOW.
what is the main features of qualitative research?
Usually, a small sample and not randomly selected
Interactive process
Participants’ characteristics may be known to the researcher
Narrative report with conceptual description of behaviour, values, attitudes and beliefs
Contains direct quotations from research participants.
invaluable for the exploration of subjective experiences
Relies heavily on the researcher’s interpretive skills to understand the complexities of findings.
Direct quotations from documents and from participants can be utilised
what is the strengths of quantitative research?
Collects clear, specific data from a group and can represent the wider population.
Information is numerical (counting, percentages) and can be easily collated.
Results are simple to present in tables and graphs.
Process is impersonal and objective, limiting researcher influence during data collection.
what is the weaknesses of quantitative research?
Researcher cannot interact closely with participants — limited depth of insight.
Data is restricted to what can be measured numerically.
If questions are poorly written or biased, results can be misleading.
what is the strengths of qualitative research?
Provides in-depth understanding of individuals or small groups.
Captures how and what people are thinking and feeling.
Provides rich, descriptive information that explains “why” and “how”.
what is the weaknesses of qualitative research?
Analysis is more complex and time-consuming, compared to quantitative data (numbers).
Requires researcher interpretation, which can introduce subjectivity.
Responses must be sorted into themes / categories before meaning can be drawn.
what is statistical analysis? quantitative?
Examines statistics to make generalisations and extrapolate trends.
what is questionnaire (open ended) qualitative?
Questionnaires with open-ended questions allow means for expressing opinions and gathering reasoning.
what is questionnaire (closed-ended): quantitative?
Questionnaire with closed-ended questions or rating scale questions where the findings can be counted and observed as statistics.
what is content analysis? qualitative?
Content analysis can be used to analyse and interpret themes, words and images from documents, film, art, music and other cultural artefacts and media.
The researcher analyses, interprets and makes qualitative judgements about meanings of the content.
what is participant observation? quantitative?
Participant observation is where the researcher is immersed in the action being observed and their role as a researcher is not obvious.
Non-participant observation is where the researcher observes the interactions taking place without actively engaging. The researcher draws meaning from what is being observed, rather than simply counting specific actions.
what Is case study? quantitative?
The in-depth study of a cultural group, which can be any group of individuals who share a common social experience and/or location.
Case study is considered a methodology when it combines 2+ research methods, such as ‘observation, interview and documentary evidence’, to gather the data.
what is interview? qualitative?
A conversation between 2 people with open-ended questions, aimed at collecting specific information first-hand.
what is focus group? qualitative?
The collection of data from an in-depth planned discussion on a defined topic, held by a small group, brought together by a moderator.
what is primary research?
Information collected directly by the researcher
Original data gathered for a specific study
Methods include surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments
Collected first-hand from participants
what is secondary research? qualitative?
Accessing data already produced by others.
Researcher makes a subjective judgement about usefulness of materials and summarises and synthesises findings.
what is context analysis? quantitative?
Content analysis can be used to detect and count data, and this can then be quantified.
what is personal reflection? quantitative?
The use of, and evaluation of, personal experiences and values to demonstrate analysis and interpretation of data in the context of the research focus.
what is social and cultural literacy?
The idea that people should possess a body of knowledge / skills that allows them to share, communicate effectively, and respect themselves and others.
what is community?
A social system
It is locational, it can be a group that shares a strong common interest, and where members communicate.
what is continuity?
The persistence or consistent existence of cultural elements of society across time.
Maintenance of traditions and social structures that bring stability to a society.
what is change?
alteration of modification of cultural elements in a society.
Change in society can occur at the micro, meso and macro levels.
Can be brought about by modernisation processes, including tech innovation.
The force results in an alteration to culture
what is social construct?
A socially created aspect of social life.
society is actively and creatively produced by human beings, rather than being merely given or taken for granted.
what is citizenship?
The rights and duties of a member of a nation-state.
The status of citizenship can be defined by the civil, being rights and freedoms, the political, being the right to participate by voting or holding office, and the social, being able to access services such as education and welfare.
what is socialisation?
The process by which individuals learn to become functioning members of society by internalising the roles, norms and values of that society.
what is social structure?
The recurring patterns of social behaviour and the ordered interrelationships between different elements of society.
For example, the statistical distributions of occupations and employment reveal important features of social structure.
what is multiculturalism?
An approach to cultural diversity in society that promotes the view that cultural differences should be respected and even encouraged and supported.
Multiculturism is an approach.
what is hybrid society?
A society that comprises a range of social and cultural influences, rather than having a homogenous identity.
In understanding society and culture as hybrid, we acknowledge the diverse influences that work to shape and reshape our differences.
what is a multicultural society?
A multicultural society is one where diverse ethnic groups and cultures are given the opportunity and right to live in a shared context. Each group is at liberty to practice its cultural traditions.
This practice of accepting cultural diversity is also known as ‘cultural pluralism’.
what is social construct?
A social construct is a socially created aspect of social life.
Social constructionists argue that society is actively and creatively produced by human beings rather than merely been given and taken for granted.
E.g., society has constructed gender roles for men and women. Men should be breadwinners and women should stay home, cook and clean.
Gender roles and perceptions of masculinity and femininity undergo change in varying context – making gender a social construct as it is dependent on the social and cultural context.
what is language?
Language is made up of sounds, and we (the macro world) give meaning to those sounds through shared agreement and collective understanding.
E.g., The word “stop” → when we hear it, we know we should pause what we’re doing – observed across the macro level.
what is symbols?
A symbol is something (an object, image, sound, or action) that we collectively agree represents a particular meaning, idea, or concept. E.g., The Australian Flag is a symbol of Australia.
what is cooler?
Colour is socially constructed when certain colours are associated with certain ideas, things or groups of people.
E.g., Today, we associate blue with boys and pink with girls. It wasn’t until the 1950s that this gendered colour scheme became widely accepted.
what is food?
We agree on what and when food should be eaten throughout the day. E.g., In Korea, people consider tofu and broth (soup) as breakfast.
what is interactions at the macro level?
provides the framework for understanding the wider social structure and the institutions that shape everyday life.
This includes how education and politics operate on a collective scale.
E.g., For gender roles to improve (at the micro and meso levels), the government makes changes to law.
Changes also occur to the portrayal in media and educational opportunities at hand (all a macro level influence).
This would go down to the micro level where gender views are personal.
E.g., Your grandfather’s views on gender expectations may differ from yours due to their attitudes being developed in a different time and context from your own.
what is social exptections?
Behaviour is shaped by expectations.
If we do something that offends someone, negative consequences make it clear the behaviour was unacceptable.
When we act in a positive way, this is communicated by acknowledgement, such as reward.
We define who we are in the context of our social world. Our daily actions are socially constructed, being shaped by what we believe will conform to others.
In Australia, it is expected to say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’, whereas in Indonesia, saying ‘please’ is not an expectation, so when you ask, it is just given to you.
It is therefore considered rude in an Australian context to omit polite language. E.g., Parents of young children withhold something from their kids until they say, ‘please’.
what is social norms?
Form expectations: rules that define how we should and shouldn’t behave.
As we learn them, we become successful participants of society.
Consequences reinforce these norms as they become accepted by society at large.
E.g., Getting in trouble with family, detention at school, judgement (good or bad).
what is family?
is the social glue that binds our sense of self and place in the world.
It is the basic foundation where our world is created.
what is school?
Schooling and its primary goal of education plays a significant role in who we become in the future.
It also plays a pivotal role in who we become socially at school and outside of school.
This can be both in a positive and negative way.
what is peers?
One of the greatest influences on teenagers is the interaction with their fellow peers.
Groups become significant agents of power amongst teens.
Peers can have a positive and negative effect on an individual’s life.
what is work?
An individual’s work plays a significant role in their life.
It affects how many hours they worked, the type of work that they do and the level of respect they receive through their job.
Work becomes an integral part of an individual’s life.
what is government?
The social structure of any country or society is defined by the government in power.
For example: living in the Middle East would be different to living in England due to the differing government structure.
It also plays a pivotal role in shaping our social structure.
what is legal system?
enforce power and authority in our societies.
Many people do not agree with legal systems but must abide by them.
They are there to provide law in order in our society.
what is media?
Media can play a substantial role in our lives.
Even though it can shape our thinking of the world, it is up to the individual to accept that information as true or false.
what is personality?
Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. It focuses on 2 broad areas:
Understanding individual differences, in particular, personality characteristics such as sociability and irritability
Understanding how various parts of a person come together as one whole.
how do personalities get characterized?
Carl Jung and Isabel Briggs have developed tests that enable people to be characterised according to whether they:
prefer being seen as extraverted or introverted
Use perception by sensing or intuition
Make decisions by thinking or feeling
Use judgement or perception in their understandings
what is class?
a system where societies are organised into hierarchical levels based on power, privilege and wealth.
what is ethnicity?
a person’s identification with or sense of belonging to an ethnic group. This is common origins that people share, such as specific ancestry.
what is kinship?
established relationships between individuals and groups based on socially recognised biological relationships.
what is life course?
a culturally defined sequence of age categories through which people are expected to pass as they progress from birth to death.
what is life stage?
the successive stages of life from childhood to adolescence, adult life and old age that collectively define people of being in a particular age group.
what is responsibility?
the ability or authority to make decisions on one’s own, without supervision and being accountable for the decisions.
what is rights?
the social, civil and political rights accorded to individuals. These include human rights; the fundamental rights individuals have as humans.
what Is roles?
the expectations attached to a particular social position and the analysis of those expectations.
what is self-concept?
composed of the various identities, attitudes, beliefs and values an individual holds about themselves and by which an individual defines themselves as a specific objective identity: ‘the self’.
what is social construct?
a socially created aspect of social life. Social constructionists argue that society is actively and creatively produced by human beings rather than merely being given or taken for granted.
what is socialization?
the process by which individuals learn to become functioning members of society by internalising the roles, norms and values of that society. It occurs as a result of the individual’s interaction with the agents of socialisation, where one learns to perform social roles.
what is status?
the form of social stratification in which social positions are ranked and organised by legal, political and cultural criteria into status groups.
what is the process of socialization?
Socialisation is a process about learning to deal with the social world by gaining and understanding of the rules and expectations for the social situations we find ourselves in.
what is socialization?
It refers to the way young people learn through growing up, how to become members of society, accepting social norms and behaviours of society.
The assumption is that there is a process that we need to go through to be socialised and that there are several factors that contribute to this. These are called “agents of socialisation”.
what is identity?
Who a person is presenting to the social world.
what is self concept?
How a person defines themselves. It is composed of various identities, attitudes and beliefs held about themselves.
what is personality?
The enduring characteristics that make up a person.
what is personality, self awareness and self concept?
Personality is shaped by different influences. Our experiences and environment play a key role in forming our identity and who we are.
Because we are self-aware, we understand how we are expected to behave in certain situations. This awareness helps shape our sense of self (our internal understanding of who we are).
In different situations, we may behave differently and present different versions of ourselves based on our self-concept.
For example, a person may feel confident when playing a sport they are good at, but feel unsure or less confident in a classroom when learning unfamiliar content.
what is identity and social self?
The social self is the conscious experience in which you become aware of your own personal identity, distinct from other people.
how do you indicate a sense of self?
Saying “I am …” whatever that ends with is an indicator that the sense of self is evident as these statements reveal how you operate in the social world.
E.g., “I am athletic, I am lazy, I am smart”
An individual’s identity is formed through balancing their inner self (“I”) with their social self (“me”), as they adjust their behaviour to meet both personal feelings and societal expectations.
what is nature?
Nature:
Nature refers to an individual’s biology, such as bodily being, genetics and DNA.
Our individuality and who we are is based on genetics.
According to this belief, our temperaments, interests and talents are set before birth.
Based on Biological and Family factors.
what is nurture?
Nurture refers to aspects of individuals acquired through life experiences.
Individuals are a result of how they are raised, their environment and surroundings.
The way we are raised has an important role in the development of our identities.
E.g. Someone could be born with genes to give them normal height but be malnourished in childhood, resulting in stunted growth.
Based on social and environmental factors.
what is homosexuality?
The debate is about whether homosexuality is the result of nature or nurture has spanned throughout history but has taken on even greater importance in more recent years.
what is nature?
Biological factor:
Some individuals believe that homosexuality is a biological factor, no more a choice than eye colour or foot size.
These individuals are debating from the perspective of nature being responsible for the development of the individual.
what is nurture?
Effects of the environment:
Others believe that homosexuality is a choice influenced by environmental factors.
Socialisation, stereotypes and media have an influence.
E.g., The stereotype that a boy must be gay is he likes to play with dolls or become a hair stylist.
what is the age range of adolescent?
Period between 12-18 years of age
Co-occurs with puberty
what is age range of emerging adulthood?
19-30 years of age.
who is jean Piaget?
Swiss psychologist working with the behavior of children, pionner.
Developed the 4 stage model of cognitive development within children; called "Theory of Cognitive Development."
what are the four stages of cognitive development?
The Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years)
When a child is occupied with gaining motor skills and learning about objects
Childs begins to interact with environment.
The Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years)
When the child is attuned to learning words and using symbols.
The use of reason is intuitive (doing a thing naturally or automatically)
The concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)
When a child deals with abstract concepts such as numbers and relationships.
Child begins to learn different rules.
The Formal Operational Stage (12 and up)
Individual begins to think in ideas and ideals and to reason logically.
Child can think about future.
what is Piagets and the formal operational stage?
By adolescence, the persons mind is developed sufficiently to allow a level of thinking that wasn't previously achievable.
The level of thinking allows them to see the world move objectively around them, making them able to make decisions and judgements on what they experience and consider or what they prefer to experience.
what is deferred gratification, introspection, and egocentrism
Deferred Gratification
Definition of word;
Deferred; to delay something.
Gratification; pleasure gained when receiving something you desire.
Small children focus on the immediate world; "yo bitch I need this now"
But they struggle to accept any sort of delay.
But as they grow, the ability to accept those delays and future events develops slowly.
By Adolescence, they practice "deferred gratification", which is the ability to understand that the benefits that come with something might not come immediately but are in that persons mind.
Introspection
Process of looking inwards to examine your thoughts and feelings.
Egocentrism
Childs inability to see the situation from another persons point of view.
"It's all about me"