Small Animal Vertebrae and Skull

only skull has been marked

how to tell if a lateral skull is straight (Skull)

Line between medial canthus of both eyes

what to use for image evaluation of lateral skull (Skull)

1. Mandibles

2. boney orbit

3. tympanic bullae

how to tell if a DV/VD skull is straight (Skull)

Line drawn between medical canthus of both eyes

what to use for image evaluation for DV/VD skull (2) (Skull)

symmetry of zygomatic arches and mandibular rami

Primary beam angled — degrees to miss mandibles in VD Open mouth (Skull)

30

what to use for image evaluation for VD open mouth (Skull)

symmetry of turbinates

closed mouth Tympanic Bulla is for what animals (2) (Skull)

1. cats

2. Brachycephalic dogs

in a closed mouth Tympanic Bulla the Head should be tilted back — degrees caudally to primary beam (Skull)

10

what to use for image evaluation for closed mouth Tympanic Bulla (Skull)

Tympanic Bulla

closed mouth Tympanic Bulla is used in non-brachycephalic dogs to avoid … (Skull)

superimpostion of the petrous temporal bone (inner ear) over bullae

what are the routine views of the Cervical Vertebrae (2)

1. Lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

2. Ventrodorsal view of the cervical vertebrae

what position for Lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

Lateral recumbency.

where to measure for Lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

Across the shoulder at the level of C6

where is the central ray for Lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

C3 to C4.

where are the borders (3)

1. Cranial: Base of the skull.

2. Caudal: Spine of the scapula (just past the shoulder joint, ,T2).

3. Dorsally and Ventrally: Collimate tightly to the edge of the wings of the atlas and the center of the spine of the scapula.

what position for Ventrodorsal view of the cervical vertebrae

dorsal recumbancy

where to measure for Ventrodorsal view of the cervical vertebrae

Level of C6 near the manubrium.

where is central ray for Ventrodorsal view of the cervical vertebrae

C3 to C4.

where are borderes for Ventrodorsal view of the cervical vertebrae (3)

1. Cranial: Base of the skull.

2. Caudal: Just past the shoulder joint (,T2)

3. Laterally: Tightly collimate.

what are the Ancillary views for cervical vertebrae (3)

1. Hyperextended lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

2. Hyperflexed lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

3. Lateral oblique view for the odontoid process

what position is for Hyperextended lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

Lateral recumbency.

where to measure for Hyperextended lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

C3 to C4 intervertebral space across the neck.

where is centrak ray for Hyperextended lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

C3 to C4 intervertebral space.

where are the borders for Hyperextended lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

1. Cranial: Base of the skull.

2. Caudal: Spine of the scapula (just past the shoulder joint).

3. Dorsally and Ventrally: Collimate tightly to the edge of the wings of the atlas and the center of the spine of the scapula.

how to position for Hyperflexed lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

Lateral recumbency.

how to measure for Hyperflexed lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

C3 to C4 intervertebral space across the neck.

what is the central ray for Hyperflexed lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

C3 to C4 intervertebral space.

what are the borders for Hyperflexed lateral view of the cervical vertebrae

1. Cranial: Base of the skull.

2. Caudal: Spine of the scapula (just past the shoulder joint, ,T2).

3. Dorsally and ventrally: Collimate tightly to the edge of the wings of the atlas and the center of the scapular spine.

how to position for Lateral oblique view for the odontoid process

Lateral recumbency.

how to measure for Lateral oblique view for the odontoid process

C1 (for odontoid process).

where is central ray for Lateral oblique view for the odontoid process

C1 (for odontoid process).

where are the borders for Lateral oblique view for the odontoid process

1. Cranially: Midskull.

2. Caudally: C4.

3. Dorsally and Ventrally: Collimate tightly.

what are the routine views for Thoracic Vertebrae (2)

1. Lateral view of the thoracic vertebrae

2. Ventrodorsal view of the thoracic vertebrae

what position for Lateral view of the thoracic vertebrae

Lateral recumbency

where to measure for Lateral view of the thoracic vertebrae

Highest point of sternum

where is central ray for Lateral view of the thoracic vertebrae

T6 to T7 or the caudal border of the scapula

3 borders for Lateral view of the thoracic vertebrae

1. Cranial: Include C7 (shoulder joint)

2. Caudal: L1 (past the origin of the last rib).

3. Dorsally and Ventrally: Tightly collimate

where to position for Ventrodorsal view of the thoracic vertebrae

Dorsal recumbency

where to measure for Ventrodorsal view of the thoracic vertebrae

T6 to T7 or xiphoid midpoint (highest part of sternum)

where the central ray for Ventrodorsal view of the thoracic vertebrae

T6 to T7 or midpoint xiphoid.

where are the 3 borders for Ventrodorsal view of the thoracic vertebrae

1. Cranial: C7 (shoulder joint).

2. Caudal: L1 (past the origin of the last rib).

3. Laterally: Tightly collimate.

what are the routine views for Thoracolumbar Vertebrae (2)

1. Lateral view of the thoracolumbar vertebrae

2. Ventrodorsal view of the thoracolumbar vertebrae

what position for Lateral view of the thoracolumbar vertebrae

Lateral recumbency.

where to measure for Lateral view of the thoracolumbar vertebrae

Highest point of the ribs.

where is central ray for Lateral view of the thoracolumbar vertebrae

T13 to L1 intervertebral space.

where are the 3 borders for Lateral view of the thoracolumbar vertebrae

1. Cranial: Xiphoid.

2. Caudal: Most caudal portion of the last rib.

3. Dorsally and Ventrally: Tightly collimate.

what position for Ventrodorsal view of the thoracolumbar vertebrae

Dorsal recumbency

where to measure for Ventrodorsal view of the thoracolumbar vertebrae

Highest point of the midthorax

where is central ray for Ventrodorsal view of the thoracolumbar vertebrae

T13 to L1 intervertebral space

where are the 3 borders for Ventrodorsal view of the thoracolumbar vertebrae

1. Cranial: Xiphoid.

2. Caudal: Caudal portion of last rib.

3. Laterally: Tightly collimate.

what are the routine views of the Lumbar Vertebrae (2)

1. Lateral view of the lumbar vertebrae

2. Ventrodorsal view of the lumbar vertebrae

what position for Lateral view of the lumbar vertebrae

Lateral recumbency.

where to measure for Lateral view of the lumbar vertebrae

Level of L1

where is the central ray for Lateral view of the lumbar vertebrae

L3 to L4 (palpate).

where are the 3 borders for Lateral view of the lumbar vertebrae

1. Cranial: T12 (to origin of last rib).

2. Caudal: S1 (just before the greater trochanter).

3. Dorsally and Ventrally: Tightly collimate.

what position for Ventrodorsal view of the lumbar vertebrae

Dorsal recumbency

where to measure for Ventrodorsal view of the lumbar vertebrae

Level of L1

where is the central ray for Ventrodorsal view of the lumbar vertebrae

Level of L4 (palpate)

where are the 3 borders for Ventrodorsal view of the lumbar vertebrae

1. Cranial: T12 (origin of the last rib)

2. Caudal: S1 (greater trochanter).

3. Laterally: Tightly collimate.

What are the routine views of the Lumbosacral Vertebrae (2)

1. Lateral view of the lumbosacral vertebrae

2. Ventrodorsal view of the lumbosacral vertebrae

what position is for Lateral view of the lumbosacral vertebrae

lateral recumbency

where to measure for Lateral view of the lumbosacral vertebrae

Wings of the ilia.

where is the central ray for Lateral view of the lumbosacral vertebrae

Level of the lumbosacral junction (just caudal to the wings of the ilia).

what are the borders for Lateral view of the lumbosacral vertebrae

1. Cranial: L4 (cranial wings of the ilia).

2. Caudal: Femoral head.

3. Dorsally and ventrally: Tightly collimate.

what is the positioning for Ventrodorsal view of the lumbosacral vertebrae

dorsal recumbency

where to measure for Ventrodorsal view of the lumbosacral vertebrae

Wings of the ilia.

where is the central ray for Ventrodorsal view of the lumbosacral vertebrae

On the lumbosacral junction, caudal to the wings of the ilia, at an angle of 20 to 30 degrees in a caudocranial direction.

what are the 3 borders for Ventrodorsal view of the lumbosacral vertebrae

1. Cranial: Cranial wings of the ilia.

2. Caudal: Femoral heads.

3. Laterally: Tightly collimate.

what are the routine views for Caudal Vertebrae (2)

1. Lateral view of the caudal vertebrae

2. Ventrodorsal view of the caudal vertebrae

what position for Lateral view of the caudal vertebrae

lateral recumbancy

where to measure for Lateral view of the caudal vertebrae

Thickest part of the tail

where is the central ray for Lateral view of the caudal vertebrae

Area of interest.

where is the border for Lateral view of the caudal vertebrae

Four or five vertebrae on either side of the area of interest, or the full tail.

where to position for Ventrodorsal view of the caudal vertebrae

dorsal recumbancy

where to measure for Ventrodorsal view of the caudal vertebrae

Thickest part of the tail.

where is the central ray for Ventrodorsal view of the caudal vertebrae

Area of interest.

where is the border for Ventrodorsal view of the caudal vertebrae

Four or five vertebrae on either side of the area of interest, or the full tail.