APES Formulas and Figures

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33 Terms

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1,000,000,000
10^9; giga
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1,000,000
10^6; mega
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1,000
10^3; kilo
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100
10^2; hecto
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0\.01
10^-2; centi
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0\.001
10^-3; milli
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0\.000001
10^-6; micro
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0\.000000001
10^-9; nano
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Percent Change
(Final - Initial)/Initial x 100
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Rate of Change
(Final Value - Initial Value)/(Final Time - Initial Time), or change in amount over time
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Population Density
\# organisms/unit of land or area
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Doubling Time (Rule of 70)
\# of years to double = 70 / Annual % growth rate
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Average # of babies/woman
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Population Growth Rate
r = | (b + i) - (d + e)
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Replacement Level Fertility (RLF)
2 children/woman
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Population Growth Rate
r = |  (b + i) - (d + e)   / total population # |  x 100
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Crude Growth Rate (Natural Annual Increase)
r = (CBR-CDR)/10
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Total Energy Used in kWh
kWh = (watts x hours)/1000
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Energy Efficiency
(efficiency of step 1 x efficiency of step 2, etc.) x 100
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Primary Productivity
NPP = GPP - R
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10% Rule
Multiply by 0.10 each level
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Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
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Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Measures dissolved oxygen use by microbes
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Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Gases dissolve better in water at cooler temperatures
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Ocean Acidification
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → (H+) + (HCO3)-
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Photochemical Smog (brown)
NOx  +VOCs + Sunlight → O3 + PANs + Aldehydes
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Sulfurous Smog (gray)
Coal smoke (SO2) + H2O → H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)
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Acid Mine Drainage
Acidic water from mines carries heavy metals and contaminates water & soil
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Acid Rain & Acid Formation
NOx (from cars) + H2O → HNO3 (nitric acid) 

SOx (from coal) + H2O → H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) 

CO2 (from fossil fuels) + H2O → H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
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How to fix acidity problems such as acidic soil or acid mine drainage?
Add a base such as limestone (NOTE: this does NOT work for ocean acidification!)
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Stratospheric vs. Tropospheric Ozone
Good up high, bad nearby! (O3)
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Tropospheric Ozone Formation
UV Radiation + NOx + O2 → O3