AP World Semester 1 Final Review (copy)

Pastoralists

Nomadic people who herd domesticated animals and rely on them for food, clothing, and shelter.

Patriarchy

A societal system where men hold power and dominate roles in politics, leadership, and property ownership.

Metallurgy

Practice of extracting and working with metals to create artillery and goods.

Monotheism

Belief and worship of one god, e.g., Judaism, Christianity, Islam.

Polytheism

Belief and worship in multiple gods, e.g., Hinduism, Greek gods.

Shamanism

A practice where individuals serve as intermediaries between humans and the spirit world, often associated with healing and rituals.

Animism

Belief that natural objects, phenomena, and the universe itself possess spiritual essence or consciousness.

Judaism

Monotheistic religion originating with Hebrews; based on teachings of the Torah and emphasizes a covenant with God.

Vedas

Ancient Hindu scriptures that form the foundation of Hindu beliefs and practices.

Hinduism

Polytheistic religion originating in India, emphasizing dharma, karma, reincarnation, and the caste system.

Monasticism

Religious practice where people dedicate their lives to spiritual pursuits, often living in monasteries.

Legitimacy

The recognized right to rule, derived from divine authority, law, or tradition.

Caste System

Hierarchical social structure in India that divides people into hereditary classes based on occupation and religious purity.

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese political theory that heaven grants emperors the right to rule based on their virtue and ability to govern justly.

Reincarnation

Belief in the cycle of rebirth after death, central to Hinduism and Buddhism.

Eightfold Path (Buddhism)

Guide to ethical and mental development leading to enlightenment and the cessation of suffering.

Confucianism

Chinese philosophy emphasizing ethics, filial piety, and social order.

Confucius

Chinese philosopher who created Confucianism.

Buddhism

Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, focused on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path to achieve enlightenment.

Christianity

Monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ, emphasizing salvation and the New Testament.

State

Organized political entity with a centralized government and defined territory.

Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)

Founder of Buddhism, sought to understand and end human suffering.

Filial piety

Respect for one's parents and ancestors, a central concept in Confucianism.

Ancestor veneration

Honoring deceased family members through rituals and offerings.

Syncretic religion

Blending of elements from multiple religions to create a new belief system, e.g., Sikhism.

Silk Roads

Trade routes connecting East Asia to Europe, facilitating cultural and economic exchanges.

Mediterranean Trade

Network of maritime trade routes connecting Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.

Bureaucracy

An administrative system managing state policies through appointed officials rather than elected representatives.

Commercial exchange

Trade of goods, services, and currencies between regions.

Epidemic

Widespread outbreak of disease affecting a large population in a specific area.

Monsoon winds

Seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean region that, once understood, helped sailors navigate waters and trade routes.

Black Death

Devastating pandemic derived from fleas; traveled from the Silk Road and significantly killed off populations in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.

Indian Ocean trading network

Maritime trade network connecting East Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.

Srivijaya

Powerful Southeast Asian maritime empire that controlled trade in the Strait of Malacca.

Angkor Wat

Massive temple complex in Cambodia; originally Hindu but later converted to a Buddhist site.

Swahili coast

Region of East Africa that became a hub for Indian Ocean trade, blending African, Arab, and Asian cultures.

Great Zimbabwe

Medieval African city known for its impressive stone architecture and role in regional trade.

Trans-Saharan trade

Trade routes connecting West and North Africa, involving goods like gold, salt, ivory, slaves, and knowledge.

Mali Empire

West African state known for its wealth and rulers like Mansa Musa.

Song Dynasty

Chinese dynasty marked by cultural and technological advancements like paper money and gunpowder.

Hangzhou

Major Song Dynasty city, prosperous in global trade.

Footbinding

Chinese practice where women would bind their feet to achieve a certain aesthetic, signifying beauty and social status.

Tribute system

Other states pay tribute, loyalty, homage, etc. to a main country in exchange for trade rights and protection.

Chinese influence on Japan

Adoption of Chinese culture, Confucian principles, writing, and Buddhism.

Quran

Holy book of Islam, believed to be the word of God as revealed to Muhammad.

Pillars of Islam

Five basic acts of worship central to Islam, including faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage to Mecca.

Jizya (jizya tax)

Tax levied on non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire for protection, exemption from military service, and the right to practice their own religion.

Ibn Battuta

Muslim traveler and scholar who documented his travels throughout Afro-Eurasia.

Timbuktu

Center of learning and trade in the Mali Empire.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of the Mali Empire, famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca that displayed his wealth.

House of Wisdom

Center of learning in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, where scholars translated and preserved knowledge.

Roman Catholic Church

Dominant Christian institution during medieval times, influential in politics and culture.

Serfdom

System in feudal Europe where peasants were bound to and worked the land for lords in exchange for protection.

Feudal Europe

Decentralized political system where lords granted land to vassals in return for loyalty and service.

Crusades

Religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land.

Mongols

Nomadic group that established the Mongolian Empire, facilitating trade and cultural exchange through the Pax Mongolica.

Delhi Sultanate

Muslim states that ruled parts of India, blending Islamic and Indian cultures.

Inca

South American empire known for its vast road systems and labor system.

Syncretism

Merging of different cultural and religious traditions into new practices.

Mita system

Inca labor system where citizens provided work for the state.

Grand Canal

Waterway in China facilitating trade between northern and southern regions.

Feudalism

Political and economic system based on land ownership, loyalty, and service, prevalent in medieval Europe and Japan.

Arabic (language)

Language of Islam and scholarship during the Islamic Golden Age.

Quipu

System of knotted strings used by the Inca for record keeping.

Marco Polo

Venetian traveler whose writings introduced Europeans to Asia.

Zheng He

Ming Dynasty admiral, led extensive maritime expeditions.

Champa Rice

Drought-resistant rice from Vietnam, increasing agricultural productivity in China.

Moveable type blocks

Printing technology first used in China.

Seljuk Turks

Medieval Sunni Muslim empire that controlled much of the Middle East.

Sufism

Mystical branch of Islam that emphasizes personal devotion and spiritual experience.

Chasquis

Incan messengers who carried information across the empire using road systems.

Aztecs

Mesoamerican empire known for militaristic culture and human sacrifices.

Little Ice Age

Period of cooling that affected agriculture and society.

Khmer Empire

Southeast Asian state known for Angkor Wat and its Hindu-Buddhist culture.

Vijayanagara Empire

South Indian empire created to rebel against Muslim leaders in the Delhi Sultanate.

Southernization

The spread of innovations from South Asia to other countries.

Vassal

Person who receives land in exchange for loyalty and service in feudal systems.

Fealty

Pledge of loyalty and service by a vassal to a lord in a feudal system.

Paper money

Currency issued by states to facilitate trade, first widely used in China.

Axum Empire

African kingdom known for involvement in Indian and Mediterranean trade, exporting ivory and gold.

Swahili

Syncretic culture and language from blending African and Arab influences. (bantu + arabic)

Goryeo

Korean dynasty known for advancements in ceramics and printing.

Caliphates

Islamic states led by a caliph, a political and religious successor to Muhammad.

Sultanate

Muslim-led state ruled by a sultan, combining political and religious authority.

Shia

Branch of Islam believing leadership is descended from Prophet Muhammad’s family.

Sunni

Largest branch of Islam favoring consensus and qualification for leadership.

Daoism/Taoism

Chinese philosophy emphasizing harmony with nature and simplicity.

Neoconfucianism

Revival of Confucian philosophy that incorporated Buddhist and Daoist elements.

Dar-al Islam

Regions where Islamic law and culture dominate.

Shogun

Military ruler in feudal Japan holding actual power.

Bhakti movement

Hindu devotional movement emphasizing personal devotion to a deity.

Open-field system

Medieval European agricultural practice sharing fields among villagers.

Machu Picchu

An Incan city built in the Andes serving as a royal estate or religious site.

Abbasid Caliphate

Major Islamic dynasty overseeing a golden age of science, culture, and trade.

Triple Alliance

Alliance between Aztec city-states forming the foundation of the Aztec empire.

Puebloans

Indigenous peoples of the southwestern US known for cliff dwellings.

Mississippian

Native American culture centered around mound-building and agricultural societies.

Pachacuti

Incan ruler who expanded the empire significantly and centralized its governance.

Mongols

Nomadic group that established the Mongolian Empire, known for military conquests and facilitating trade across Eurasia.