Functional groups

alkAnes

default (just C-H's) - methane (cooking fuel)

alkEnes

carbon- carbon double bonds (butene- plastic production)

alkYnes

carbon- carbon triple bonds

(propyne- fuel)

cis- trans isomers

stereoisomers that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but they differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms.

- cis means same

- trans means opposite

Example : Trans-2-butene: with two methyl groups

cis- trans isomers - geometric

rotation around a double bond is not possible - only when you have alkenes (double bonded carbon)

exsample: Trans-2-butene: with two methyl groups

cycloalkene

cyclic hydrocarbon that contains a carbon-carbon double bond within the ring structure.

exsample-

cycloalkane

cyclic (ring-shaped) saturated hydrocarbons, meaning they consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in a ring with only single bonds between the carbon atoms.

Aromatric

alternating double bonds (benzene- plastic production)

alkyl halides

alkanes with halides

- carbon chain where one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane are replaced by halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine)

exsample: bromoethane

- used to make pharmaceuticals

Alcohols

OH bond to carbon

- ethanol ( fuel)

Ethers

bringing oxygen bond

- dimethyl (medication)

Ester

acid+ alcohol

- propyl methanoate (flavoring agent)

aldehydes

- terminal carbon :the carbonyl group (carbon double bonded to oxygen ) is attached to a carbon atom within the carbon chain

ex: formaldehyde (preservative)

ketones

(C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms

ex- acetone

carboxylic acid

(-COOH)

ex: amino acid (building block of protiens)

amine

n-c and n-h bonds (nitrogen lone pair

ex ammonia (fertilizer)

ammonium

amine + protons

phosphate derivatives

phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, where one of those oxygen atoms is also bonded to another atom.

ex DNA