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Motivation
the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met
exterinsic motivation
Why a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.
Needs and Instinct
Biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.
Drive
a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
Drive reduction theory
approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal
Primary drives
those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
secondary drives
those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval
Homeostasis
the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.
Need for achievement
A need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic but challenging ones
Need for affiliation
the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others
Need for power
the need to have control or influence over others
Stimilus Motive
The motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity.
Arousal Theory
theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
Sensation seeker
Someone who needs more arousal than the average person.
Incentives
things that attract or lure people into action
Self actualization
according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential
Peak experiences
according to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved
Intrinsic motivation
type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner
insolin
A hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
Glucagon
A hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream is called
Obesity
A condition in which the body weight of a person is 20% or more over the ideal weight for the person's height.
Leptin
a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full
Emotion
the "feeling" aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings
James-Lange Theory
a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
States that a physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time.
Cognitive arousal theory
theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced
facial feedback hypothesis
theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion
cognitive-mediational theory
theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction
