Utilitarianism

What problem with relying only on moral intuitions does utilitarianism highlight?

Intuitions often conflict and have supported past injustices like slavery and sexism, so we need a systematic moral theory.

What is the core principle of utilitarianism?

We ought always to promote overall well-being.

What is meant by "well-being" in utilitarianism?

The quality of individuals’ lives, sometimes called welfare or utility.

What are the four defining elements of utilitarianism?

Consequentialism, Welfarism, Impartiality, and Aggregation.

What does consequentialism mean?

The moral rightness of actions depends only on their consequences.

What does welfarism mean?

The value of outcomes is determined solely by individuals’ well-being.

What does impartiality mean in utilitarianism?

Everyone’s well-being counts equally; no one is favored.

What does aggregation mean in utilitarianism?

The overall value of an outcome is found by summing the well-being of all individuals.

What additional assumptions does classical utilitarianism make?

Hedonism and Totalism.

What is hedonism in classical utilitarianism?

Well-being is defined as pleasure minus pain.

What is totalism in classical utilitarianism?

The total sum of well-being across everyone determines the moral value of outcomes.

Who are some historical advocates of utilitarianism?

Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick.

What kinds of reforms did early utilitarians promote?

Abolition of slavery, women’s rights, criminal justice reform, and animal welfare.

Why do utilitarians claim their theory can help us correct our moral intuitions?

Because utilitarian principles provide a systematic way to test and refine intuitions, reducing bias and error.

What is a common criticism of utilitarianism?

That it neglects rights, is too demanding, or is impractical due to uncertainty.

What is the main conclusion of the introduction?

The most important moral aim is improving well-being for all individuals, equally, across species and generations.