Topic 1: Language Change

Lexis: Vocabulary (7)

1. archaic lexis

2. obsolete lexis

3. lexical replacement

4. neologism

5. borrowing/loanword

6. lexical field

7. register shift

1. archaic lexis: old-fashioned

2. obsolete lexis: no longer used

3. lexical replacement: word replaces word

4. neologism: new word

5. borrowing/loanword

6. lexical field: related vocabulary

7. register shift: formality changes

Semantics: Meaning (10)

1. denotation

2. connotation

3. semantic narrowing

4. semantic broadening

5. amelioration

6. pejoration

7. general semantic shift

8. polysemy

9. connotational change

10. idiomatic change

1. denotation: literal meaning

2. connotation: associated meaning

3. semantic narrowing: meaning becomes specific

4. semantic broadening: meaning becomes wider

5. amelioration: meaning becomes positive

6. pejoration: meaning becomes negative

7. general semantic shift: meaning changes

8. polysemy: multiple meanings

9. connotational change: associations

10. idiomatic change: expressions change

Morphology: Word Structure (7)

1. derivational morphology

2. inflectional morphology

3. historical inflections

4. regularisation/irregularisation

5. prefixation

6. suffixation

7. comparative formation

1. derivational morphology: changes word class

2. inflectional morphology: prefix/suffix changes

3. historical inflections: old prefixes/suffixes

4. regularisation/irregularisation: grammar pattern changes

5. prefixation

6. suffixation

7. comparative formation: comparison changes

Word-Formation Processes (9)

1. compounding

2. blending

3. acronym

4. initialism

5. clipping

6. conversion

7. backformation

8. derivation

9. coalescence/telescoping

1. compounding: words joined

2. blending: word parts merged

3. acronym: NASA

4. initialism: LOL

5. clipping: word shortened

6. conversion: word class changed

7. backformation: ending removed

8. derivation: affix creates word

9. coalescence/telescoping: phrase fuses

Grammar: Verbs & Auxiliaries (7)

1. auxiliary change

2. do-support

3. subject-verb agreement

4. active & passive voice

5. tense & aspect

6. modal auxiliaries

7. negation

1. auxiliary change: helping verbs change

2. do-support: do gets added

3. subject-verb agreement

4. active & passive voice

5. tense & aspect: time & duration

6. modal auxiliaries: can/must/may

7. negation: making it negative

Pronouns & Determiners (4)

1. generic masculine pronoun

2. personal pronouns

3. demonstratives

4. determiners

1. generic masculine pronoun: he = everyone

2. personal pronouns

3. demonstratives: this/that/those

4. determiners

Syntax: Sentence Structure

1.