SOCIAL STUDIES FINAL

Napoleonic Code

A unified legal code in France promoting equality before the law but limiting women's rights; influenced many modern legal systems.

The Concordat

Agreement between Napoleon and the Pope restoring Catholicism in France while keeping Church lands under state control.

The Hundred Days

Napoleon's brief return to power in 1815 before being defeated at Waterloo.

Scorched Earth Strategy

Used by Russia to destroy supplies and land during Napoleon's invasion, weakening his army.

Napoleon's Military Defeat

Defeated at Waterloo by British and Prussian forces due to poor planning and strong opposition.

Reactionaries

Conservatives who wanted to restore absolute monarchies and oppose revolutionary changes.

Congress of Vienna

1815 meeting of European powers to restore monarchies and create a balance of power in Europe.

Legitimacy

Restoration of monarchs dethroned by Napoleon, supported by the Congress of Vienna.

Prince Metternich

Austrian diplomat who led the Congress of Vienna and supported conservatism and monarchies.

Impact of Steam Engine

Increased manufacturing and transportation efficiency, key to industrial growth.

Why Britain?

Industrial Revolution began in Britain due to resources like coal, political stability, and banking systems.

Factory System

Shifted production to centralized factories using machines for mass production.

Women and Children in Factories

Worked long hours for low pay; preferred by employers for being cheap and obedient.

Wage Factors

Wages varied based on age, gender, skill, and labor supply.

Iron Law of Wages

David Ricardo's theory that wages naturally tend toward subsistence level.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and profit.

Monopolies

One company dominates an industry, reducing competition.

Cartels

Businesses that cooperate to control prices and limit competition.

Free Enterprise

System where businesses operate freely with minimal government regulation.

Laissez-faire

Economic philosophy advocating little or no government interference in business.

Marx and Engels

Believed capitalism oppressed workers; promoted communism and a classless society.

Proletariat

Working class that Marx believed would overthrow the bourgeoisie in a revolution.

Communism & Socialism

Communism involves total government ownership; socialism allows some private property with regulation.

Business Cycle

Capitalism's pattern of economic expansion followed by contraction or recession.

Italy After Unification

Faced regional differences, economic problems, and political instability.

Inspiration for German Nationalism

Shared language and culture, and resistance to Napoleon's control.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian leader who used war and diplomacy (realpolitik) to unify Germany.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's attempt to reduce Catholic Church influence in Germany.

Kaiser Wilhelm II & Bismarck

Forced Bismarck to resign over conflicting views on power and policy.

Russian Radical Groups

Sought to overthrow the czar; included groups like Nihilists and Social Revolutionaries.

Alexander II

Emancipated the serfs and attempted reforms; assassinated in 1881.

Problems with Russian Unification

Ethnic diversity, vast geography, and poor infrastructure hindered unity.

Dual Monarchy

Austria-Hungary formed in 1867 with shared leadership but separate parliaments.

Imperialist Attitudes

Europeans viewed native peoples as inferior and sought to civilize them.

Boers

Dutch settlers in South Africa who resisted British control.

Assimilation

Policy of making colonized people adopt the culture of the colonizers, especially France.

Types of Colonies

Included settlement colonies (Australia), protectorates (Egypt), dependent colonies (India), and spheres of influence (China).

King Leopold II

Brutally exploited Congo for resources, causing mass death and suffering.

British in India

Ruled through the East India Company and later directly; British treated Indians unequally.

Suez Canal

Strategically important for British trade with India; Britain gained control by buying shares and occupying Egypt.

Industrialization and Imperialism

Industry fueled imperialism by creating demand for raw materials and markets.

Imperialism: Pros and Cons

Improved infrastructure and education, but exploited resources and suppressed cultures.

MAIN Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism created long-term tensions.

Short-term Causes of WWI

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered declarations of war.

New Weapons

Included machine guns, tanks, airplanes, and poison gas; made war more deadly.

Trench Warfare

Defensive system on Western Front; led to stalemates and terrible conditions.

Propaganda

Used to control public opinion and maintain support for the war effort.

Total War

All national resources and people mobilized for the war.

War of Attrition

Strategy of wearing down the enemy through continuous losses.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Peace treaty where Russia exited WWI and gave up territory to Germany.

Allied Powers

Britain, France, Russia, and later the U.S.; aimed to encircle and defeat the Central Powers.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire; focused on quick victories and strong defenses.

Zimmerman Telegram

German proposal to Mexico to attack the U.S., pushing America into WWI.

U.S. Role in WWI

Entered in 1917, provided fresh troops and economic support, tipping the war in favor of the Allies.

Wilson's 14 Points

Outlined goals for peace and self-determination; proposed League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

Blamed Germany for the war, imposed reparations; sowed resentment that led to WWII.

Bolsheviks vs. Mensheviks

Bolsheviks wanted a small, elite revolutionary group; Mensheviks wanted broad-based movement.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks who took power in 1917; promised peace, land, and bread.

Joseph Stalin

Took over after Lenin; ruled as a dictator, using purges and propaganda to maintain control.

Great Depression Impact

Global trade collapsed, unemployment rose, and people turned to radical political movements.

Rhineland 1936

Hitler defied the Treaty of Versailles by militarizing the Rhineland.

Appeasement

Britain and France allowed Hitler's aggression to avoid conflict, encouraging more expansion.

Fascism

Authoritarian and nationalistic system led by a dictator, rejecting democracy and promoting unity.

Mussolini's Rise

Used fear of communism and Blackshirt violence to take power after the March on Rome.

Hitler's Rise

Used propaganda, economic fears, and democratic elections to become chancellor; then seized total control.

Stalin's Rise

Outmaneuvered rivals after Lenin's death; used purges, propaganda, and terror to consolidate power.