Population Health and U.S. Healthcare System Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering public health history, determinants of health, population mortality statistics, federal health agencies, and healthcare facility types from Chapters 1 and 2.

19th Century Health Problems

Poor sanitation, contaminated food and water, overcrowded housing, improper sewage disposal, lack of refrigeration, and infectious diseases such as pneumonia, TB, diarrhea, and diphtheria.

SDOH (Social Determinants of Health)

Factors that account for approximately 40% of health outcomes and influence primary prevention, treatment, healthcare delivery, outcomes, and costs.

U.S. Life Expectancy

78 years.

Leading Causes of Infant Death (2017)

Congenital malformations, preterm birth and low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), maternal complications of pregnancy, and unintentional injuries or accidents.

Top 4 Causes of Death in U.S. Adults

1. Heart disease, 2. Cancer, 3. Unintentional injuries, 4. Chronic lower respiratory diseases.

Infant Mortality Extremes by Race/Ethnicity

Asian infants have the lowest mortality rate, while Non-Hispanic Black infants have the highest mortality rate (with American Indian/Alaska Native infants also having a very high rate).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

The national agency that collects and analyzes health data, monitors diseases, investigates outbreaks, coordinates epidemic responses, and develops disease-prevention recommendations.

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Federal agency that conducts and funds biomedical research to understand diseases and develop methods of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Telehealth

A healthcare delivery method that became common during COVID-19 social isolation, including video appointments, remote monitoring, health education, and electronic communication between patients and healthcare professionals.

Medicare

A U.S. program funded for people age 65 or older and certain younger people with disabilities or specific medical conditions.

Medicaid

A program jointly funded by federal and state governments for people and families with limited income and resources.

Almshouses

18th-century facilities that cared for poor people who were chronically ill or disabled, which later developed into hospitals like Bellevue Hospital and Charity Hospital.

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

Federal department responsible for Medicare, Medicaid, public health, biomedical research, food and drug safety, disease prevention and control, Indian Health Services, mental-health services, and public-health emergency preparedness.

Free Clinics

Facilities that provide medical, dental, pharmacy, behavioral-health, vision, and health-education services to people who remain uninsured or fall into coverage gaps under the Affordable Care Act.

Public Hospital

A hospital owned, financed, and operated by a federal, state, city, or county government agency.

Private Hospital

A hospital owned and operated by a nongovernment organization, such as a business, corporation, church, physician group, or nonprofit organization.

Nonprofit Hospital

A hospital that uses extra revenue to support the hospital and its community instead of distributing it to owners.

For-profit Hospital (Proprietary Hospital)

A hospital operated to earn money for its owners, investors, partners, or corporation.

Hospital System

A group of hospitals managed by one organization or a single hospital that includes other healthcare organizations.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The U.S. federal agency that ensures food and biological products, drugs, and medical devices are safe.

Ambulatory Healthcare Services

Outpatient care provided without an overnight hospital stay, representing the most often used medical services in the U.S.

Health-promotion Services

Health services that help clients reduce the risk of illness.

Rehabilitation Services

Services provided to restore a person to normal or near normal function after a physical or mental disorder.

Community Hospitals

Independent, non-profit organizations interested in providing care for the community.

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)

An agency that supports research designed to improve quality and safety, reduce healthcare costs, and reduce medical errors.