101: Chapter 7 Wilkens

How does Sensitivity differ from Specificity in Lab Test Parameters?

sensitivity is the ability to identify those with a positive test results in patients with a disease while specificity is the ability to identify those without the disease

What are two major categories of tests of the hematology evaluation?

complete blood count and tests of the blood clotting ability of the patient’s blood

What is total number of white blood cells knows as?

volume of blood

What is the pneumonic for WBCs and what are they?

“Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”; Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

What percent does Neutrophil make up on WBC count?

40-70%

Where are Neutrophils produced and matured?

bone marrow

What do Neutrophils usually participate in?

phagocytosis and then dies

What is the normal life span of a Neutrophil?

~10 days

What two WBCs play a role in allergic reactions?

Basophils and eosinophils

What percent do Eosinophils make up of WBCs?

0-6%

What percent do Basophils make up of WBCs?

0-1%

What percent do Lymphocytes make up of WBCs?

20-45%

What are the two types of Lymphocytes?

B cells and T cells

How do B and T cells differ?

B cells produce antibodies while T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity

What percent of WBCs are Monocytes?

2-10%

What do Monocytes convert to and what do they do?

Macrophages and phagocytosis

What is it called when an abnormal increase in circulating WBCs is and the abnormal decrease?

leukocytosis and leukopenia

What is neutrophilia and neutropenia?

when an abnormal increase in neutrophils and an abnormal decrease in neutrophils, respectively

What are referred to as bands?

immature neutrophils

What is “Left Shift” in reference to bands?

a significant increase in bands due to body being under stress

What two things can cause Neutropenia?

bone marrow failure (chemotherapy or leukemia)

What could stimulate Eosinophilia and Basophilia?

Increased allergic reactions or parasitic infections

What things are known to cause Lymphocytopenia?

viral infections, autoimmune diseases, or chemotherapy

What is leukemias and where would they be involved?

a group of blood cancer cells that affect the bone marrow and peripheral blood

What are blasts?

the most immature stage of a cell type, accumulated in the bone marrow and peripheral blood

What is the term for blood cancer that infects the lymphoid tissue?

Lymphoma

Where are RBCs produced and what is their life span?

the bone marrow and 120 days

What is Anemia?

low RBC count

What are RBCs that are smaller than normal described as?

Microcytic RBCs

What does it mean to be hypochromic?

lack adequate hemoglobin resulting in paler color in RBCs

What is the Hematocrit?

The proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells, expressed as a percentage

What is polycythemia?

increased number of circulating RBCs count meaning higher hematocrit

What does chronic hypoxia, living at high elevation, and some heart diseases cause with RBCs?

polycythemia from the bone marrow overstimulated

What are the four heme groups and globin chains?

the components of hemoglobin, which bind oxygen via an iron molecule

What is another common term for blood platelets?

thrombocytes

What is thrombocytopenia?

abnormally low platelet count that can lead to excessive bleeding

What should an RT check before performing and aterial puncture?

platelet count

What is hemostasis?

the body’s natural process that stops bleeding and heals injured blood vessels

What are 3 screening tests when receiving anti-coagulation therapy?

Platelet Count, APTT, PT/INR

What is a D-dimer test?

a protein fragment left behind when a blood clot dissolves that could indicate pulmonary embolism

What 4 things do a basic metabolic panel include?

electrolytes, glucose level, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine

What two out of metabolic are from kidney functions?

blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine

What is Sodium normal value and what regulates the concentration?

135-145 mEq/L and by the kidneys

What causes Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia?

hypernatremia occurs from loss of water while hyponatremia caused by excessive water intake or sodium loss

What is normal value of Potassium?

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

What is hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?

low potassium levels in the blood occurred with decreased intake or increased loss. elevated potassium levels

What can hypokalemia and hyperkalemia lead to?

cardiac dysfunction

What is normal value of Chloride?

98-107 mEq/L

What is Hypochloremia and Hyperchloremia?

low chloride levels vs elevated chloride levels in the blood

What things cause Hypochloremia and Hyperchloremia?

severe vomiting and chronic metabolic alkalosis; certain kidney diseases and prolonged diarrhea

What role does bicarbonate (total CO2) play?

major role in acid-base balance

What is a result of elevated and decrease of bicarbonate in blood?

increase = metabolic alkalosis; decrease = metabolic acidosis

What is normal fasting blood sugar levels (glucose)?

70-99mg/dL

How is hyperglycemia different from hypoglycemia?

high blood glucose levels; low blood glucose levels

What is normal range for BUN renal test?

7-20 mg/dL

What is normal range for Creatinine renal test?

0.7-1.3 mg/dL

What is normal range of Glomerular filtration rate?

90-120 mL

What elevates BUN?

heart failure

What is Urinalysis?

simple medical test that checks the visual, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine

What proteins does the Hepatic Panel measure?

albumin and globulin

What 3 liver-associated enzymes from power point?

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

What is Bilirubin and how should the numbers be?

a byproduct of the spleen’s normal breakdown of hemoglobin and should be very tiny numbers

What 2 things does the Lipid Panel measure?

total cholesterol and triglycerides

What are the two types of total cholesterol?

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

What are cardiac biomarkers?

chemicals that appear in the blood as result of either ischemic myocardial damage or stress

What is current biomarker used to help diagnosis congestive heart failure?

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Why does a sputum sample need to come from the lower airways and not mouth?

sputum from the lower airways is bound to have many leukocytes whereas from the mouth it would be epithelia cells that are no value to go for testing

What is a Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)?

performed during bronchoscopy by injecting a large volume of fluid into the lungs then collecting it after it mixes with cells in lungs for testing/diagnosis

What things are normal of a Pleural Fluid examination?

clear and pale; 3-20 mL; few WBC and no RBC

What is Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)?

two main types of primary lung cancer differing primarily in how fast they grow and spread