hg&d

Research indicates that newborns have the best visual acuity when looking at

A. a face

B. an object farther away

C. an object about 10 inches from their face

D. a colored object

E. a black-and-white object

C. an object about 10 inches from their face

About 10 inches from the newborn's face is the optimal distance for visual acuity in the newborn. Newborns can discriminate fine gratings in an object at that distance almost as well as adults. If an object is further way or closer to the infant, the object will appear blurry and the infant will not be able to perceive fine gratings in it clearly. This occurs because the muscles of the lens behind the cornea have not been exercised, so focus is not yet possible.

All of the following statements are true regarding separation anxiety EXCEPT

A. Separation anxiety shows that an attachment relationship has formed between child and caregiver.

B. Separation anxiety is an affective disorder that can be diagnosed in children as young as two years of age.

C. Separation anxiety is normal in children.

D. The caregiver of a child showing separation anxiety should leave quickly rather than hesitate because the child is crying.

E. The caregiver of a child showing separation anxiety should not leave without the child knowing he or she is leaving.

B. Separation anxiety is an affective disorder that can be diagnosed in children as young as two years of age.
Separation anxiety is a normal reaction in toddlers. It indicates the toddler has formed an attachment relationship with the person who has left. Separation anxiety is not an anxiety disorder. Caregivers should let the child know they are leaving and do so quickly. Prolonging the separation tends to make the child's reaction to it worse. Also, consistently leaving without telling the child will tend to make a child cling to the caregiver.

Which of the following statements is / are true?

I. The cross-sectional research method has been criticized because of the birth cohort effect problem.
II. The longitudinal research method has been criticized because of the birth cohort effect problem.
III. The longitudinal research method can be used to measure birth cohort differences.
IV. The cross-sectional research method is widely considered the best developmental research design.

A. I

B. II

C. III

D. IV

E. I and III

A. I
(A) The cross-sectional research method is weak because it confounds age differences with birth cohort differences. In this design, samples of participants who represent different age groups are compared at one point in time. These groups of participants differ by age, but also by the birth cohort. Differences between groups in a cross-sectional study could be explained by age differences or birth cohort differences.

One of the first signs that newborn infants can localize sounds is when they

A. blink when an object is coming toward them

B. track sounds by moving their heads

C. track sounds with smooth eye movements

D. "coo" in response to a sound stimulus

E. cry when they hear a loud noise

B. track sounds by moving their heads

(B) Newborns track the movement of sounds but are not capable of tracking with smooth eye movements.

Suppose a pigeon is trained to peck a key when a red light is presented on the key. Then the key color is changed to pink. If the pigeon pecks the pink key, what principle is illustrated?

A. Stimulus refinement

B. Stimulus generalization

C. Primary reinforcement

D. Secondary reinforcement

E. Partial reinforcement

B. Stimulus generalization

(B) Stimulus generalization refers to the degree to which an organism responds to stimuli that are similar to the original training stimulus. Primary reinforcers refer to natural reinforcers that require no conditioning, food, or water, for example. Secondary reinforcers refer to stimuli that the organism is taught are rewards, such as medals, trophies, or certificates. Partial reinforcement refers to a reinforcement schedule that does not reinforce every response, ex. a slot machine. Player does not win every time they pull the lever, but the occasional, unpredictable payout keeps them playing.

When her mother was hospitalized with a broken leg, five-year-old Alice wanted to buy her a doll to help her get well quickly. Alice's behavior best illustrated the concept of

A. multiple perspectives

B. egocentrism

C. animism

D. class inclusion

E. conservation

B. egocentrism

(B) Egocentric thinking is believing that what you perceive and experience is the same as other people. Therefore, a child who is egocentric would expect that something that comforts her would comfort other people too.

Short-term memory

A. is not affected by aging

B. does not significantly change from adolescence to old age

C. shows a steady decline throughout adulthood

D. declines beginning around age 60

E. peaks at age 30 and drops quickly until reaching a plateau in middle age

D. declines beginning around age 60

(D) Recent research suggests that deficits in short-term memory do not start to appear in most people until around the age of 60.
Short-term memory is the brain’s temporary storage system. It holds about 4 to 7 items for roughly 20 to 30 seconds. It is essential for everyday tasks, like following a conversation, dialing a phone number, or remembering a temporary password.
Working Memory: The active "workspace" where you hold and manipulate information to solve problems, make decisions, or follow instructions.

Recognition is easier than recall because

A. recognition memory is a smaller storage system to search than recall memory

B. we have more practice with recognition tests than recall tests

C. the cue in a recognition test is better than the cue in a recall test

D. our minds are hardwired for recognition but not for recall

E. there is no search step required in recognition but there is in recall

C. the cue in a recognition test is better than the cue in a recall test
(C) In a recognition test, the cue for remembering is the target itself and the task is to match that target with information in memory. In a recall test, given a small cue, the task is to retrieve the target from memory.

Which of the following would provide the strongest support for a hereditary view of intelligence?

I. Identical twins raised apart are found to have different I.Q. scores.
II. Fraternal twins raised together are found to have similar I.Q. scores.
III. Identical twins raised together are found to have different I.Q. scores.
IV. Identical twins raised apart are found to have similar I.Q. scores.
V. Fraternal twins raised apart are found to have similar I.Q. scores.

A. I

B. II

C. III

D. IV

E. V

D. IV
(D) The hereditary view of intelligence argues that level of intelligence is determined by genetic inheritance. Evidence for this view would be if pairs of people who are more genetically related have more similar levels of intelligence than pairs of people who are less genetically related. Monozygotic twins are the most genetically related pairs because they have the same genetic endowment. Dizygotic twins have the same genetic relationship as biological siblings. Therefore, the strongest evidence for the hereditary view would be if monozygotic twin pairs have a stronger positive correlation between their I.Q. scores than dizygotic twins, or biological siblings.

Of the following tests, the most suitable for determining the I.Q. of most 12-year-olds is the

A. Raven Progressive Matrices

B. WAIS

C. WISC

D. WPPSI

E. Bayley Scales

C. WISC
(C) The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) would be the most appropriate choice for most 12-year-olds. The WISC is normally administered to children from the ages of 6-16. There are subscales that measure mathematical ability, vocabulary, problem solving, and digit span problems.

The average child begins to walk between

A. 4 and 5 months

B. 7 and 8 months

C. 11 and 12 months

D. 13 and 14 months

E. 16 and 17 months

C. 11 and 12 months
(C) Research on physical development shows that on average, children begin to walk on their own between 11 and 12 months of age.

Jane digs a hole in the sandbox while Jim, who is sitting next to her, fills his bucket with sand. They share the shovels in the sandbox and talk about school. They are engaged in

A. cooperative play

B. parallel play

C. mature play

D. nonsocial play

E. associative play

E. associative play
E) The children are engaged in associative play because even though they are talking to each other while playing and sharing tools, they are not sharing the same purpose or goal.

Which of the following theories describes stages of development?

A. Collectivist

B. Continuity

C. Discontinuity

D. Nature

E. Nurture

C. Discontinuity
(C) The terms "discontinuity theory" and "stage theory" are used interchangeably in this field. Theories of this type describe development as qualitative shifts in ability or behavior that take place through a series of distinct stages. Almost all stage theories argue that the stages are universal and occur in a fixed sequence.

According to statistics, which group commits most of the child abuse in our country?

A. Siblings

B. Day care workers

C. Foster parents

D. Parents

E. Stepparents

D. Parents
(D) Statistics on child mistreatment indicate that more often, among the types of offenders listed in this question, the abuser is the child’s parent.

Which theoretical perspective assumes there is a bidirectional relationship between the person and the environment?

A. Behavioral

B. Learning

C. Biological

D. Sociocultural

E. Humanistic

D. Sociocultural
(D) The sociocultural view of development argues there is a bidirectional relationship between the child and the environment. A child influences the people and the environments he or she interacts with, as much as those people and environments influence the child’s development. For example, an infant’s temperament influences the caregiver’s responses to the child, and those caregiving responses in turn shape the child’s behavior.

Among the parenting styles that have been studied by Baumrind, which of the following is associated with the most negative impact on development?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Strict

E. Uninvolved

E. Uninvolved
(E) The uninvolved parenting style is characterized by the parent being low on both the acceptance/responsiveness and the control/demandingness parenting dimensions. Children raised with this style of parenting tend to engage in antisocial behavior.

Researchers have studied the impact of late versus early maturation on adolescents’ adjustment. Which of the pairs below have been shown to have the best adjustment outcomes?

A. Early maturing boys and early maturing girls

B. Early maturing boys and late maturing girls

C. Late maturing boys and early maturing girls

D. Late maturing boys and late maturing girls

E. Adolescent adjustment is in fact NOT related to the timing of maturation.

B. Early maturing boys and late maturing girls
(B) Early maturing boys and late maturing girls have been shown to experience better adjustment compared to their counterparts—late maturing boys and early maturing girls. Early maturing boys may benefit from having larger physical stature than their late maturing peers, and early maturing girls may have difficulty adjusting to puberty and the concomitant physical changes in their bodies. Other people may treat early maturing girls as if they were older than their age. Because of this, they may be faced with higher expectations for their behavior than they are capable of meeting.

Compared to women, the male climacteric is

A. a faster decline

B. a slower decline

C. unaffected by sex hormone levels in the body

D. associated with increased risk of heart disease

E. more uncommon

B. a slower decline
(B) The male climacteric is a less noticeable physiological process than the female climacteric. Changes that occur are caused by a decline in testosterone level and are very gradual. These changes include reduced sperm production, reduction in the size of the testes, and enlargement of the prostate gland. These changes do not prevent a male from fathering a child.

Shortly after birth a duck will follow the first object that walks by it. This illustrates

A. conditioned responses

B. conditioned stimulus

C. sign stimuli

D. imprinting

E. shaping

(D) Konrad Lorenz observed that newborn ducks would follow him if they saw him before encountering their mother. He termed this phenomenon "imprinting" and argued that it illustrated the importance of instinctual behavior. This concept, along with sign stimuli that release fixed patterns, comprised some of the central ideas of ethology.