Review Unit 3 APHG for AP Exam

Culture

The shared beliefs, practices, and characteristics of a group.​

Cultural Identity

The sense of belonging to a group based on culture.​

Ethnicity

Identity with a group sharing cultural traditions.​

Race

Identity with a group sharing physical characteristics.​

Gender

Socially constructed roles and behaviors.​

Sexuality

Identity based on sexual orientation.​

Religion

A system of beliefs and practices.​

Language

A system of communication.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of cultural elements.​

Relocation Diffusion

Spread through physical movement.​ (Ex: Spanish language spreading to Latin America due to Spanish colonization.)

Expansion Diffusion

Spread while remaining strong at the origin.​ (Ex:Starbucks spreading globally from Seattle)

Hierarchical Diffusion

Spread from authority figures.​ (Ex: Fashion trends starting in Paris or Milan and moving to smaller cities; hip-hop spreading from urban centers to rural areas.)

Contagious Diffusion

Rapid, widespread diffusion. (Ex: Internet memes or viral TikTok dances; the spread of Islam in North Africa through direct contact.)

Stimulus Diffusion

Adoption of underlying ideas. (Ex: McDonald’s in India not selling beef but adapting the menu to include vegetarian options.)

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity.​

Material Culture

Physical objects and artifacts.​

Non-Material Culture

Intangible aspects like beliefs and values.​

Folk Culture

Traditional, homogeneous culture.​

Popular Culture

Urban, heterogeneous culture.​

Neolocalism

Renewed interest in local culture.​

Cultural Appropriation

Adoption of elements from another culture.​

Cultural Landscape

The human-modified environment.

Language Family

A group of related languages.​

Language Branch

A subgroup within a family.​

Language Group

Languages with a common origin.​

Dialects

Regional variations of a language.​

Pidgin

Simplified language for communication.​

Creole

A stable, fully developed language.​

Lingua Franca

A common language for communication.​ (e.g., English for business).

Religion

A system of beliefs and practices.​

Universalizing Religions

Religions that seek global appeal.​ (Ex:Christianity: Spread through missionaries, colonization, and hierarchical diffusion, Islam: Spread through trade, conquest, and missionaries, Buddhism: Spread through trade routes and Emperor Ashoka’s missionaries in Asia.)

Ethnic Religions

Religions associated with specific groups. (Ex: Hinduism: Strongly tied to India and the Indian subcontinent, Judaism: Tied to Jewish ethnicity and concentrated historically in Israel and diaspora communities, Shinto: Native to Japan and largely practiced there.)

Globalization

The process of increased interconnectedness.​

Cultural Convergence

Cultures becoming more alike.​

Cultural Divergence

Cultures becoming more distinct.

Cultural Trait

A single element of normal practice in a culture (e.g., clothing, food).

Cultural Complex

A group of cultural traits that define a particular culture.

Cultural Hearth

The geographic origin of a cultural trait or idea.

Assimilation

When a minority group is fully absorbed into the dominant culture, losing distinctive traits.(Ex: Native Americans adopting European customs and losing native language.)

Acculturation

When a group adopts some traits of another culture but retains distinct features.( Ex:Immigrants speaking English at work but speaking their native language at home.)

Syncretism

The blending of two cultural traits to form something new.(Ex:Tex-Mex cuisine.)

Multiculturalism

The coexistence of diverse cultures in one place, encouraging retention of cultural identities.

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.

Sequent Occupance

Layers of cultural imprints left by successive societies.

Sense of Place

Emotional connection people have with a location.

Placelessness

Loss of uniqueness in a cultural landscape, often due to globalization.

Secularism

The separation of religion from government or daily life.

Isogloss

A geographic boundary marking differences in language usage.

Taboo

A cultural or religious prohibition or restriction on certain behaviors or practices.