DevPsych (Papalia and Santrock)

Nature vs Nurture

The debate over the relative contributions of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) in shaping an individual's traits and behaviors.

Life-Span Development

The concept that human development is a lifelong process that can be studied scientifically.

Domains of Development

The different aspects of development including physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains.

Maturation

The transitional state indicating a person is fully functional, involving the unfolding of a natural sequence of physical changes and behavior patterns.

Heritability

The proportion of variability in a trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among individuals.

Gene-Environment Interaction

The effects of genes depending on the environment experienced and how individuals respond to the environment based on their genes.

Individual Differences

Variations among people in traits such as gender, height, weight, and energy level.

Critical Period

A specific time when an event or its absence has a significant impact on development.

Plasticity

The modifiability of performance or the ability to change in response to experiences.

Evolutionary Psychology

Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior.

Research Methods in Developmental Psychology

The various approaches and techniques used to study human development scientifically.

APA General Principles

Ethical guidelines in psychology including beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity, responsibility, and integrity.

Justice

Fairness and justice to all persons to access and benefit from the contributions of psychology.

Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity

Respecting the dignity and worth of all people by exercising their rights to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination.

Informed Consent

Participants must be provided with information about the purpose, duration, procedures, right to decline and withdraw, risks, benefits, confidentiality limits, incentives, and researcher's contact information before conducting research.

Vulnerable Populations

Researchers studying ________ must obtain informed consent from both the individual and their guardian, seek individual's assent, and appropriately document consent.

Deception in Research

Deception in research should be avoided unless justified, explained early, and participants have the right to withdraw. Excessive incentives that could coerce participation should also be avoided.

Integrity

Involves honesty, truthfulness, open and accurate communication, maintaining appropriate professional boundaries, and avoiding conflicts of interest in research.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own group is superior to others, which researchers should avoid to prevent bias in their perceptions of other cultural groups.

Basic Research Designs

Descriptive, Case Study, Ethnographic Studies, Correlational Study, Experiment, and Quasi-Experiment are different research designs used in psychology to study behavior and relationships between variables.

Cross-Sectional; Longitudinal

________ studies assess children of different ages at one point in time, while _______ studies track the same group or person over time to observe continuity and change.

Developmental Theories

Various theories like Psychosexual Theory by Freud explain human development based on innate drives and early experiences shaping behavior and functioning.

Instincts

Inborn biological forces that motivate behavior, driving individuals to act in certain ways without conscious awareness.

Id, Ego, Superego

Freud's structural model of the psyche, representing different aspects of personality - Id (pleasure principle), Ego (reality principle), and Superego (morality principle).

Fixation

An arrest in development that can lead to personality issues in adulthood, where libido remains tied to an earlier stage of development.

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious coping strategies used by the ego to manage anxiety and protect the individual from distressing thoughts or feelings.

Sublimation

Redirecting unwanted impulses into socially acceptable behaviors or thoughts.

Oedipus Complex

In psychoanalytic theory, a boy's desire for his mother and fear of castration by his father, leading to identification with the father.

Electra Complex

A girl's desire for her father and rivalry with her mother, as proposed by psychoanalytic theory.

Social Clock

The culturally preferred timing of important life events, influencing individuals' expectations and behaviors.

Constructivism

The theory that children actively construct their understanding of the world based on their experiences.

Cognitive Development

Piaget's theory emphasizing how children adapt to their environment through processes like organization, adaptation, and equilibration.

Equilibration

The process where children transition from one stage of thought to the next in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Reflexes

Inborn automatic responses that infants exhibit, such as sucking.

Primary Circular Reactions

Repeating pleasurable behaviors that first occurred by chance, typically seen in infants aged 1-4 months.

Secondary Circular Reactions

Repeating actions that bring interesting results, leading to learning about causality, usually observed in infants aged 4-8 months.

Coordination of Secondary Schemes

The ability to coordinate previously learned schemes and behaviors to achieve goals, typically seen in infants aged 8-12 months.

Tertiary Circular Reactions

Purposefully varying actions to observe results, actively exploring the world through trial and error, typically seen in infants aged 12-18 months.

Mental Combinations

The ability to think about events, anticipate consequences, and use symbols like gestures and words, transitioning to the pre-operational stage.

Representational Ability

The capacity to mentally represent objects and actions in memory using symbols like words, numbers, and mental images.

Deferred Imitation

Reproducing observed behavior after a period of time, a skill that children under 18 months may lack according to Piaget.

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight, typically developing around 8 months of age.

Dual Representation Hypothesis

The proposal that children under 3 years old struggle with spatial relationships due to the need to maintain multiple mental representations simultaneously.

Preoperational Thought

The beginning of the ability to reconstruct thoughts established in behavior, characterized by symbolic function and intuitive thought in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Personal Fable

Belief held by adolescents that they are special, unique, and not bound by the rules that govern others, leading to risky behavior.

Fuzzy-Trace Theory Dual-Process Model

Decision-making model proposing two cognitive systems, verbatim analytical and gist-intuitional, working simultaneously.

14-older yrs old

Level III: Postconventional Morality (Morality of Autonomous Moral Principles)

3-7 yrs old

Preconventional Morality

Obedience and Punishment Orientation

The individual is good to AVOID PUNISHMENT because punishment equates, they must have done something wrong

“What will happen to me if I do this?”

Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange

recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by authorities. They conform to rules out of self-interest and consideration what others can do for them.

“You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.”

8-13 yrs old

Conventional Morality

Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationship

The child is good in order to be seen as a good person by others. Approval of others is important.

e.g., Donating to the victims of the recent typhoon and posting it on social media so everyone knows they did something good.

Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order

The child becomes aware of the rules of the society, so judgement concern obeying the rules to uphold the law and avoid guilt. Law is law.

e.g., Crossing the pedestrian crossing or going on a full stop when the traffic light turned red.

Inductive Reasoning

Piaget believed that children in the concrete operations stage only used ____________.

Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights

Child becomes aware that while rules might exist for the betterment of everyone, there are times you have to bend the law for self-interests. Goodness of all.

e.g., Some lawyers study the law so in case they need it, they can find a loophole and they won’t be convicted. Some laws are unfair and unjust.

Universal Principles

People developed their own set of moral guidelines, which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone. They do what they think is right regardless of legal restrictions or opinion of others. Whatever other people would say.

Cosmic Stage

Consideration of the impact of actions not only on individuals but on the universe as a whole.

Carol Gilligan

Critic of Kohlberg's theory, highlighting the bias against women and advocating for an "ethics of care" in moral development.

Piaget's Moral Reasoning

Application of logical principles to moral issues to determine right and wrong actions.

Heteronomous Morality

Children's belief that rules are unchangeable and justice is immediate, typically observed in ages 4-7.

Autonomous Morality (Moral Relativism)

Children's awareness of rules created by people, considering both intentions and consequences, typically seen in children aged 10 and older.

Ecological Model by Bronfenbrenner

Understanding development by considering the child within various environmental contexts.

Sociocultural Theory by Vygotsky

Emphasizes cognitive development shaped by social interactions and cultural context, highlighting the Zone of Proximal Development and scaffolding.

Attachment Theory by Ainsworth

Focuses on the emotional bond between infants and caregivers, assessed through the Strange Situation procedure.

Secure Attachment

A foundation in early development that leads to psychological well-being in adulthood, characterized by the ability to balance dependency and exploration, as well as emotion and thought. It is fostered by sensitive and responsive parenting styles with low avoidance and anxiety.

Avoidant (Insecure) Attachment

A type of attachment where individuals are outwardly unaffected by caregiver interactions, showing low distress upon separation and a lack of effort to reconnect upon return. This attachment style can lead to dismissing attitudes towards relationships and a focus on thought over emotions, often resulting from inconsistent and unresponsive parenting with low anxiety and high avoidance.

Ambivalent (Resistant) Attachment

An attachment style characterized by anxiety, clinginess, and push-pull behaviors towards caregivers. Individuals with this attachment style may grow up as enmeshed adults, providing contradictory views of relationships and displaying high anxiety and low avoidance. It often stems from rejecting-unresponsive or intrusive parenting styles.

Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment

An attachment style marked by a lack of coherent coping strategies, leading to contradictory and misdirected behaviors, fearfulness, and psychopathological tendencies. This attachment style typically results from frightened and frightening parenting with high levels of avoidance and anxiety.

Bowlby's Attachment Theory

A theory that emphasizes the importance of attachment behaviors in forming emotional bonds with caregivers. It includes concepts like the Attachment Behavior System, Principle of Monotropy, Internal Working Model of Attachment, and Separation Anxiety, highlighting the impact of early interactions on attachment styles and emotional development.

Classical Conditioning

A type of learning where a response is evoked after repeated association with a stimulus that normally elicits the response.

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences of "operating" on the environment, involving reinforcements and punishments.

Social Learning Theory

Theory by Bandura emphasizing observational learning, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy.

Experiential Learning Theory

Theory by Kolb focusing on learning through concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation.

Assimilation

A learning style involving abstract conceptualization and reflective observation, best at understanding and organizing information.

Converging

A learning style involving abstract conceptualization and active experimentation, excelling in practical applications of ideas and theories.

Accommodating

A learning style involving active experimentation and concrete experience, enjoying new experiences and challenges.

Evolutionary Theory

Draws from various fields to explain behavior's adaptive value, applying evolutionary principles to human behavior.

Natural Selection

Differential survival and reproduction of different variants within a species, shaping evolutionary processes.

Social Role Theory

Traces socialization and personality development through participation in diverse social roles.

Developmental Principles

Lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, multidisciplinary, influenced by biology and culture, involves resource allocations, shows plasticity, and influenced by historical and cultural contexts.

Down Syndrome

A genetic disorder characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to intellectual disabilities and developmental delays. Treatment may involve surgery and special education programs (SPED).

Klinefelter Syndrome

A chromosomal condition in males with an extra X chromosome (XXY), often resulting in hormone therapy to address symptoms.

Fragile X Syndrome

An inherited genetic condition causing intellectual disability and behavioral challenges due to a mutation in the X chromosome. Treatment may involve special education programs and speech therapy.

Turner Syndrome

A genetic condition in females where one X chromosome is missing, often requiring hormone therapy for development.

XYY Syndrome (Jacob’s Syndrome)

A chromosomal condition in males with an extra Y chromosome, typically not requiring specific treatment.

Edward’s Syndrome (Trisomy 18)

A genetic disorder characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 18, leading to severe developmental delays and physical abnormalities.

Patau’s Syndrome (Trisomy 13)

A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 13, resulting in severe intellectual disabilities and physical abnormalities.

Cystic Fibrosis

A genetic disorder causing the overproduction of mucus in the lungs and digestive tract, often managed with physical therapy.

Diabetes

A condition where the body does not produce enough insulin, requiring insulin injections for management.

Hemophilia

A genetic disorder that causes delayed blood clotting, often treated with blood transfusions.

Huntington’s Disease

A genetic disorder leading to the deterioration of the central nervous system, resulting in muscle and mental decline.

Phenylketonuria

An inherited disorder causing a buildup of phenylalanine in the body, managed with a special diet.

Sickle-Cell Anemia

A genetic blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply, managed with penicillin, antibiotics, and pain relievers.

Spina Bifida

A neural tube defect where the spinal canal is incompletely closed, often requiring surgical intervention.

Tay-Sachs Disease

A genetic disorder causing the accumulation of lipids in the nervous system, managed with medication and a special diet.

Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder

A condition caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol, leading to various developmental issues in children.

Cocaine

A drug that can cause spontaneous abortion, premature detachment of the placenta, and contribute to fetal malnourishment and low birth weight.

Opioids

Drugs associated with risks such as small babies, fetal death, preterm labor, and aspiration of meconium.

Neonate Abstinence Syndrome

A condition in newborns exposed to drugs in utero, leading to symptoms like sleep disturbance, tremors, and irritability.

Rubella

A viral infection that can cause deafness and heart defects in babies when contracted during pregnancy.