immunity system

An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow.

false

Which is the most common type of capillary?

Continuous

Atherosclerosis involves a

sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow.

Angiogenesis

allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue

Increased cardiac output _____ the blood pressure.

increases

Precapillary sphincters will

Open when the tissue needs nutrients
Close when the tissue's needs have been met
Cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the post capillary venule
Control blood flow into the true capillaries
(All of the Above)

The _____ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.

Tunica intima

Slow blood flow in the capillaries allows time for exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissues.

True

If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be

Above normal

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of

diffuse areas of higher concentration to lower concentration

Increases in angiotensin II levels cause decreases in blood pressure.

False

During a dangerous situation, the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasoconstriction, raising systemic blood pressure. This is an example of the myogenic response.

False:
In this example, systemic blood pressure is changing. In contrast, the myogenic response controls local blood flow to a specific tissue.

In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show

an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in the relative amount of elastic fibers.

A portal system

Is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart

Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption?

Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.

The appendix contains lymphatic nodules.

True

Which is not correct regarding lymph nodes?

Connective tissue bands called tendineae divide nodes.

Lymphatic organs

contain a complete capsule of dense irregular connective tissue.

Which is not a function of the spleen?

Filters lymph

The path that fluid takes as it enters a lymphatic capillary is through

spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one-way flaps

Which is not correct regarding the spleen?

It has an outer cortex and inner medulla.

A lymphatic capillary that picks up dietary lipids in the small intestine is called a(n)

lacteal

Lymph nodes

filter lymph

Inflamed tissue feels warm due to

increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity

When compared to a primary response, the antibody levels in a secondary response

rise more rapidly and with a greater portion of IgG antibodies

Complement facilitates inflammation by activating basophils and mast cells and byattracting macrophages and neutrophils.

True

A fever ______ reproduction of bacteria and _________ CAMs on the endothelium of capillaries of lymph nodes

inhibits; increases

Chemotaxis is the process by which

cells migrate along chemical gradients

Nonspecific immunity is another name for

innate immunity

Which class of chemical messenger facilitates white blood cell formation in bone marrow?

colony-stimulating factors

Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries,

more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed

Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg?

buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation

Angiotensin II causes

vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst

The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the

cardioacceleratory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend

Which are found in the capillary wall?

a: Endothelium, d: Intercellular clefts f: Basement membrane

Although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time (based on demand), the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar.

True

High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate

chemoreceptors to activate the new vasomotor center

Sinusoids are found in

a: Bone marrow, b: Spleen, E: Liver

Tendons and ligaments have

a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.

Filtration and reabsorption are processes that involve water (a solvent) but not solutes.

False

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins

Get larger

The force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is

hydrostatic pressure

The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are

ingested or inhaled

The germinal center of a lymphatic nodule contains proliferating B-lymphocytes and macrophages

True

Within the red pulp of the spleen are enlarged capillaries called ____, which have a discontinuous basal lamina that allows blood cells to enter and exit easily.

splenic sinusoids

Fluid collected in lacteals will be carried in ______
trunks.

intestinal

B-lymphocytes are

White blood cells that are generated in red bone marrow

With respect to the lymphatic system, what do the letters in the acronym MALT stand for?

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

A variety of lymphatic cells are involved in the immune response. Which is not part of the process?

Replication of antigens

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that have killed a foreign cell may transform into

None of the choices

The microglia of the brain are macrophages.

True

A membrane attack complex is a protein grouping that

Forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis

Agglutination of mismatched blood is a function of

IgM, which is a pentamer.

Helper T-lymphocytes primarily contain the CD8 coreceptor.

False

Exudate formation delivers substances to eliminate injurious agents, and the resulting increase in interstitial hydrostatic pressure leads to increased fluid uptake by lymphatic capillaries.

True

The term "swollen glands" is usually meant to refer to lymph nodes in which

lymphocytes are proliferating in germinal centers

The thymus contains ____ lobes and is located ____

2; in the mediastinum

Which of the following does not contain red marrow?

Long bones of digits

The hilum of the spleen is part of its

concave anteromedial border

The spleen is considered a primary lymphatic structure.

False

In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?

Left upper quadrant

"Complement" refers to a group of

plasma proteins

Which type of antibody is formed in response to parasitic infections and allergies, and has the effect of activating mast cells and basophils?

IgE

Interleukin 1 and interferons act as

pyrogens and trigger an elevation of body temperature

In addition to creating a physical barrier to pathogen entry, mucus contains antimicrobial substances such as IgA.

True

The site of infection is the location at which lymphocytes

Provide an effector response

Which type of cell produces and secretes antibodies?

Plasma cell

The secondary response of the immune system to an infectious agent involves

more cells than the antigen challenge, due to proliferation of memory cells

The ossa coxae contain red marrow.

True

The cortex of a lymph node contains multiple lymphatic nodules

True

The pulsing of arteries that are adjacent to lymphatic vessels provides a pressure on the vessels that helps them propel the lymph.

True

Lymphatic capillaries

originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks

Subclavian trunks drain lymph from the

Upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thorax

Most activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into

plasma cells

Helper T-lymphocytes primarily contain the CD8 coreceptor

False

Which is not an action of interferon?

It signals to the immune system that the secreting cell is part of the body and so should not be attacked

The function of Helper T-lymphocytes is to

initiate and oversee the immune response

Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood?

Systemic veins

A network of small arteries called the ___ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.

vasa vasorum

The largest arteries of the body are classified as

elastic arteries

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel

is called the blood pressure

Low blood pressure may cause the net hydrostatic pressure of a capillary to be less than normal. This will result in a(n) ____ net filtration pressure.

decreased

Blood velocity is measured in ____ and is generally ______ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels.

cm/second; inversely

Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure.

True

Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to

reabsorb excess fluid from interstitial fluid

If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would

be higher than normal

Increased cardiac output _____ the blood pressure.

increases

Which are not tonsils?

Palatoglossal tonsils

Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the

Small intestine

One of the functions of the spleen is phagocytosis of bacteria in the blood.

True

Another name for a lymphatic follicle is a

lymphatic nodule

The pharyngeal tonsils are located

in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

Lymphatic nodules consist of

lymphatic cells, extracellular matrix, and an incomplete connective tissue capsule

Which type of cell is the most effective to attack multicellular parasites such as tapeworms?

Eosinophils

The cell-mediated branch of the immune system is called such because it interacts with antigens associated with cells.

True

Inflammation is a(n)

nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue

Eosinophils and lymphocytes are both types of leukocytes

True

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by releasing

perforin andgranzymes

The clumping of foreign cells that occurs when antibodies cross-link their antigens is known as

aggultination

The central nervous system contains a dense network of lymphatic capillaries.

False