A1.1 Water

___ causes capillary action

adhesion causes capillary action.Polar water adheres to polar cellulose

___ causes surface tension

cohesion causes surface tension

_____ vessels are thin narrow tubes which transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves of plants

Xylem vessels are thin narrow tubes which transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves of plants

Adhesion

the force that attracts molecules of DIFFERENT substances

Buoyancy

The upward force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed in the fluidAn object will float if its density is less than the density of the fluid it's in, and it will sink if it is greater.

Cholesterol and Lipids are ____ (polar/nonpolar) and are transported by ____

Cholesterol and Lipids are nonpolar and are transported by lipoprotein complexes

Cohesion

The sticking together of particles in LIKE molecules

Ex: water is drawn to other water molecules due to polarity / hydrogen bonds

Covalent bond

bond resulting from sharing of electrons between elements

Ex: C-C or C-O

Define "Goldilocks zone" in relation to the search for extraterrestrial life.

Astrobiologists search for extraterrestrial objects that fall in a Goldilocks Zone, meaning it is just the right distance from a star for water to remain at least periodically in liquid form on the surface.

Explain the consequences of the physical properties of water for the black-throated loon (buoyancy, viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity).

Buoyancy: adjusts volume in air sacs, spread wings to increase surface area

Viscosity: streamlined shape, webbed feet

Thermal conductivity: endotherm, feathers coated in hydrophobic oil insulate and keep dry

Specific heat: high specific heat of water helps stability

Explain the consequences of the physical properties of water for the ringed seal (buoyancy, viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity)

Buoyancy: blubber reduces energy to swim

Viscosity: streamlined body, flippers

Thermal Conductivity: blubber (insulation), huddling (reduce surface area)

Specific Heat Capacity: endotherms, high specific heat of water in bodies helps stability

Explain the hypothesis that asteroids are responsible for the origin of water on Earth.

Numerous planetary bodies, including asteroids and comets, containing large amounts of water. asteroids up to a few hundred kilometers across seem the most likely sources of most of Earth's water. Studies of rocks that date to soon after the formation of Earth suggest that water may have begun to exist on Earth as early as 4.4 billion year ago.

Explain why the presence of water is considered fundamental to the search for extraterrestrial life.Outline the formation of covalent bonds between atoms.

Water is essential for all life because functions as a solvent, allowing key chemical reactions to take place. Other characteristics that make it a good habitat for life are its heat conduction, surface tension, and its high specific heat. In fact, water is so vital to life that the presence of water is precedent to the search for extraterrestrial life.

Glucose is a ___ (polar/nonpolar) molecule which is transported by ____

Glucose is a polar molecule which is transported by being dissolved in blood plasma

Hydrogen Bond

A weak type of chemical bond that occurs that occurs when a hydrogen atom, covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine), is attracted to another electronegative atom in a different molecule or even in the same molecule. Occurs in water

Nonpolar amino acids are transported by ____

Nonpolar amino acids are transported by lipoprotein complexes

Oxygen is a ___ (polar/nonpolar) molecule which is transported in the blood by ____

Oxygen is a nonpolar molecule which is transported in the blood by attachment to hemoglobin

Polar amino acids are transported by _____

Polar amino acids are transported by being dissolved in blood plasma

Polar Covalent Bond

Covalent: sharing electron pairs

Polar: unequally sharing due to electronegativity differences

Occurs between H and O in water

Sodium chloride is a(n) ____ compound which is transported in the blood by _____

Sodium chloride is a(n) ionic compound which is transported in the blood by being dissolved in blood plasma

Solvent

Able to dissolve other substancesWater is the universal solvent because its polarity allows it to separate other polar molecules and ions

Specific heat capacity

The energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 K. Water has a high specific heat due to hydrogen bonding, so it is resistant to changes in temperature.

State two reasons why water was retained on early Earth.

1. The distance of the Earth from the Sun keeps temperature on Earth below that needed to vaporize water.2. Earth's gravity keeps water from escaping the planet.

Thermal conductivity

a measure of a material's ability to conduct heat

Viscosity

the measure of a fluid's resistance to flowHigh viscosity: syrupLow viscosity: air

Water is ___ (polar/nonpolar) and dissolves ____ (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) substances

Water is polar and dissolves hydrophilic substances

What is the difference between comets and asteroids?

Asteroids are primarily made of rock and metal, while comets are composed of ice, dust, and rock ("dirty snowball"). Comets originate further from the sun.

Why is water relevant to metabolism?

Metabolic reactions occur in aqueous (watery) solutions, with reactants and enzymes dissolved in water