APWH Unit 1 Review (The Global Tapestry)

Song Dynasty (960-1279)

"Chinese dynasty known for economic growth, urbanization, and innovation during c. 1200-1450."

Champa Rice

"Fast-ripening, drought-resistant rice from Vietnam that boosted Song China's population and productivity."

Civil Service Examination

"Merit-based exams in China that staffed the bureaucracy with scholar-officials."

Confucianism

"Chinese philosophy emphasizing hierarchy, filial piety, and social harmony."

Neo-Confucianism

"Song-era synthesis of Confucian ethics with Buddhist and Daoist ideas; shaped education and governance."

Iron & Steel

"Large-scale production supporting tools, weapons, construction, and commercial growth in Song China."

Woodblock Printing

"Technique that expanded literacy and spread texts in Tang/Song China."

Paper Money

"Song innovation that facilitated commerce and long-distance trade."

Magnetic Compass

"Navigation tool that improved maritime trade in the Indian Ocean and beyond."

Merchants in Song China

"Low social status under Confucian ideals despite high economic importance."

Abbasid Caliphate

"Islamic dynasty (750-1258) with cultural and scientific achievements centered in Baghdad."

1258 Sack of Baghdad

"Mongol conquest that ended Abbasid political power and damaged Islamic learning centers."

Delhi Sultanate

"Muslim state in India (1206-1526) that introduced Islamic governance to the subcontinent."

Al-Andalus (Córdoba)

Islamic Spain noted for cultural flourishing and knowledge transmission to Europe.

House of Wisdom

Baghdad institution for translation, science, and scholarship under the Abbasids.

Al-Khwarizmi

Persian scholar whose works on algebra influenced mathematics globally.

Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

Andalusian philosopher who preserved and commented on Aristotle; influenced European thought.

Mosque Architecture

Features like domes, minarets, and mihrabs orienting prayer toward Mecca.

Arabic as Lingua Franca

Shared language that eased trade, scholarship, and governance across Dar al-Islam.

Islam in West Africa

Brought literacy, Islamic law, and new administrative practices via trade.

Vijayanagara Empire

South Indian Hindu state (1336-1646) that promoted trade and temple-centered society.

Khmer Empire

"Southeast Asian state that built Angkor; blended Hindu-Buddhist cultural influences."

"Hinduism in SE Asia"

"Spread via trade and cultural diffusion from India to Southeast Asian polities."

"Srivijaya Empire"

"Maritime kingdom (Sumatra) controlling straits and taxing Indian Ocean trade."

"Malacca (Melaka)"

"Strategic port-city sultanate that became a key hub in Indian Ocean trade."

"Caste (Varna) System"

"Hierarchical social order in India shaping occupation and social relations."

"Religion in Vijayanagara"

"State patronage of Hindu temples and bhakti devotional movements."

"Islam's Spread to SE Asia"

"Carried primarily by merchants and Sufi missionaries along trade routes."

"Indian Numerals & Zero"

"Mathematical system diffused via Dar al-Islam, shaping global mathematics."

"Bhakti Movement"

"Hindu devotional trend emphasizing personal, emotional worship."

"Cahokia"

"Largest Mississippian mound center; regional trade and complex society in North America."

"Aztec Empire"

"Mesoamerican empire centered at Tenochtitlan; tribute system and ritual sacrifice."

"Chinampas"

"Aztec floating gardens that increased agricultural output on Lake Texcoco."

"Inca Empire"

"Andean empire with centralized bureaucracy, roads, and state labor (mita)."

"Mita System"

"Inca labor tax used for public works like roads and terraces."

"Quipu"

"Knotted cords used by the Inca for record-keeping and administration."

"Tenochtitlan"

"Aztec capital city with causeways, canals, and markets (e.g., Tlatelolco)."

"Cuzco"

"Inca capital and ceremonial center linked by the Andean road network."

"Maya Religious Centers"

"Temple-pyramid complexes like Chichen Itza for ritual and astronomy."

"Mississippian Mounds"

"Earthworks for elite residences, ritual spaces, and burials."

"Mali Empire"

"West African state that prospered on gold-salt trade; Islamic learning centers."

"Mansa Musa"

"Mali ruler whose 1324 hajj displayed immense wealth and boosted Islamic ties."

"Timbuktu"

"Mali city of trade and learning with famed madrasas and libraries."

"Great Zimbabwe"

"Southern African state known for massive stone architecture and gold trade."

"Swahili City-States"

"East African ports (Kilwa, Mombasa) thriving on Indian Ocean trade."

Islam in Swahili Coast

"Adopted by merchants; shaped culture, law, and architecture."

"Gold Exports (East/South Africa)"

"Key commodity traded from Great Zimbabwe and interior to Indian Ocean markets."

"Ghana → Mali Succession"

"Mali rose as Ghana declined, dominating trans-Saharan routes."

Trans-Saharan Trade

"Caravan network linking West Africa's gold to North African markets."

Swahili language

"Bantu base with heavy Arabic influence; lingua franca of the coast."

Feudalism in Europe

"Political system of lords, vassals, and fiefs based on reciprocal obligations."

"Manorialism"

"Rural economic system centered on the lord's estate and peasant labor."

"Code of Chivalry"

"Knightly conduct emphasizing loyalty, honor, and protection of the weak."

"Catholic Church (Medieval Europe)"

"Central institution in culture, education, and politics."

Crusades

"Religious wars to reclaim the Holy Land; intensified Mediterranean trade."

"Black Death"

"14th-century plague that killed millions and disrupted European society."

"Guilds"

"Urban associations regulating quality, prices, and training of crafts."

Magna Carta (1215)

"English charter limiting royal power and affirming noble rights."

"Reconquista"

"Christian campaigns to retake Iberia from Muslim states."

"Three-Field System"

"Crop rotation method boosting yields and population in medieval Europe."

"Silk Roads"

"Overland Eurasian trade routes linking China to the Mediterranean."

"Indian Ocean Trade"

"Monsoon-governed maritime network connecting East Africa, Arabia, India, and SE Asia."

"Monsoon Winds"

"Seasonal winds enabling predictable sailing schedules across the Indian Ocean."

"Astrolabe"

"Instrument for determining latitude; improved maritime navigation."

"Lateen Sail"

"Triangular sail allowing ships to tack against the wind."

"Junks & Dhows"

"Chinese and Arab ship types optimized for cargo and monsoon sailing."

"Spread of Buddhism"

"Mahayana Buddhist ideas moving along Silk Roads into East Asia."

"Spread of Islam"

"Islam diffused via merchants and Sufis across Africa and Asia."

"Spread of Hinduism"

"Cultural diffusion to SE Asia through trade and elite patronage."

"Syncretism"

"Blending of beliefs (e.g., Islam with local African/SE Asian practices)."

"Diasporic Merchant Communities"

"Networks of traders living abroad who maintained cultural ties"

"Gold-Salt Exchange"

"Core of West African-North African trade economies."

"Ivory and Slaves (EAfrica)"

"Exports from Swahili coast to Middle East and India.,

"Bureaucracy (China)"

"Meritocratic administration that stabilized and centralized governance."

"Mandate of Heaven"

"Chinese belief legitimizing dynastic rule based on moral governance."

"Foot Binding"

"Song-era practice symbolizing status and patriarchal control among elites."

"Filial Piety"

"Confucian virtue of respect and duty to parents/elders."

"Scholar-Gentry"

"Educated elite class produced by the exam system."

"Sufism"

"Mystical Islamic tradition aiding conversion through personal devotion."

"Sharia"

"Islamic law based upon the Quran guiding personal and communal life."

"Madrasas"

"Islamic schools promoting higher learning and scholarship."

"Bhakti vs. Sufism"

"Both emphasized personal devotion; appealed across social boundaries."

"Hindu Caste & Islam"

"Tensions and accommodations as Islam spread in caste-based India."

"Temple Economies (India)"

"Temples as landholders, banks, and social hubs in South India."

"Angkor Wat"

"Khmer temple complex reflecting Hindu then Buddhist patronage."

"Rice Terracing (SE Asia)"

"Agricultural adaptation to monsoon climates and hillslopes."

"Srivijaya Tolling"

"Control of Malacca/Sunda Straits, taxing passing ships."

Melaka Sultanate

"Muslim polity standardizing trade rules and harbor security."

"Cultural Diffusion"

"Movement of beliefs, technologies, and art through trade and migration."

"Cultural Syncretism Example"

"Swahili culture blending African, Arab, and Persian elements."

"Environmental Adaptations (Inca)"

"Terracing, irrigation, and freeze-drying (chuño) in Andes."

"Aztec Tribute System"

"Conquered regions paid goods/labor; sustained Tenochtitlan's economy."

"Pochteca"

"Specialized Aztec merchant class managing long-distance trade."

"Inca Road System (Carpe Nan)"

"Extensive network with relay runners (chasquis) enabling control."

"Mississippian Social Stratification"

"Elites at mound centers ruling surrounding communities."

"Great Zimbabwe Enclosures"

"Massive stone walls symbolizing power and control of trade."

"Kilwa Kisiwani"

"Wealthy Swahili city controlling gold trade routes to interior."

"Maghrib Merchants"

"North African traders connecting Mediterranean with Sahara trade. The gold they traded help fund the Renaissance in Europe."

"Commercialization (Song)"

"Market specialization, proto-industrialization, and urban growth."

"Urbanization in Song China"

"Mega-cities like Kaifeng and Hangzhou with vibrant markets."