BIO 101 Chapter 9 Obj jc

Differences between sexual and asexual reproduction

Sexual = Two parents, Diverse offspring, More energy, More time
Asexual = One parent, Identical offspring, Less energy, Less time

What are Diploid cells

2 sets of chromosomes, regular chromosome number

What are Haploid cells

1 set of chromosomes, half of regular chromosome number

What are Autosomes

No sex determination, traits

What are Sex chromosomes

Yes sex determination

What are Homologous pairs

Matched (size,shape,genes) set of chromosomes each from mom and dad

What are Alleles

Alternate forms of a gene

Life cycle of a typical animal

Draw ts

What are Somatic cells

Body cells, diploid

What are Germ cells

Cells that undergo meiosis in reproductive structures

What are Gametes

Sex cells, sperm and egg

What generally occurs in Prophase I

Nuclear disappearing, Chromosomes condense, Chromosomes cross over

What generally occurs in Metaphase I

Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle

What generally occurs in Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart

What generally occurs in Telophase I

New nucleus, chromosomes may decondense, cytokinesis occurs after

What generally occurs in Prophase II

Nuclear disappearing, Chromosomes condense

What generally occurs in Metaphase II

Chromosomes line up in the middle

What generally occurs in Anaphase II

Chromosomes are pulled apart

What generally occurs in Telophase II

New nucleus, Chromosomes decondense, Cytokinesis occurs after

What are similarities between mitosis and meiosis II

Both involve cell division, start with a single cell, make daughter cells

What are differences between mitosis and meiosis II

Mitosis = begins with a diploid cell and creates two identical diploid daughter cells
Meiosis = begins with a haploid cell and creates four genetically unique haploid cells

What is Crossing over and when does it occur

Exchange of information between non sister chromatids during Prophase I

What is Synapsis

Combining of homologous chromosomes

What is Chiasmata

Site of crossing-over points where chromosomes swap DNA

What is Random Alignment and when does it occur during meiosis

When homologous pairs line up in a random position/orientation during metaphase I

How is the expression, 2ⁿ, used to determine the amount of variation produced by random alignment

N = haploid number
2 = each pair can line up in two different ways
2^n = determines number of possible chromosome combinations in gametes

What are 4 differences between meiotic and mitotic division

Non identical vs Identical daughter cells, 4 vs 2 daughter cells, Haploid vs Diploid daughter cells, Two vs one division

What is Nondisjunction

Error in how chromosomes separate during anaphase

What are Aneuploid cells

1 few missing or extra chromosomes

What are Polyploid cells

Extra full sets of chromosomes

Chromosomal deletion

Part of a chromosome is missing

Chromosomal duplication

Part of a chromosome is repeated