Plant bio chapter 1

What levels are in the scope of botany

cell to environment

Stromatolites

microbial mats that mineralized • Still exist in some places

what is one structure that represents one of the earliest known fossils of microbial mats

Stromatolites

which are the earliest organisms in the fossil record

prokaryotes

what are the 2 classifications of organisms based on how they get food

heterotrophs and autotrophs

Heterotroph

breaks down organic molecules obtained externally

Autotroph

builds complex organic molecules from simple ones. “Self feeder”

what type of heterotroph was most likely the first type of organism

chemoheterotrophs that worked on molecules from geological processes

what event changed the way organisms get energy

advent of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis involves generating what

oxygen

due to the oxygen in the atmosphere due to Photosynthesis what was created

the ozone layer that enables terrestrial life and respiration

the advent of an oxygen rich environment led to the extinction of what

anaerobic organisms

what transition did the advent of oxygen lead to

the transition to land and origin of eukaryotes

Algae

generic term for unrelated aquatic photosynthetic organisms

Land plants

a single common ancestor colonized land ~500 million years ago

land plants have ——- than many algae

more organized structure

Roots

structures to anchor plants and transport water and nutrients

Stems

support structures for the photosynthetic organs

Leaves

the primary photosynthetic organisms

Meristem (in buds)

undifferentiated cells in which develop all organs – similar to animal stem cells

Primary growth

new organs on the ends via buds

Secondary growth

thickening of existing stems – think trees

what were the challenges for plants moving to land

less water available

gravity

water and nutrients are not just floating around next to you

what was an adaption of plants to prevent water loss

the cuticle

cuticle

waxy layer on the epidermis of cells

what was one adaptation of plants to help with controlling the exiting and entering of fluids like gas or water

stomata

Stomata

openings in the epidermis controlled by epidermal cells to allow air in

what was one adaptation of plants to help with transport of nutrients and to fight the effects of gravity

the vascular system

Vascular system

system to conduct nutrients and water, something like a circulatory system, visible on leaves as veins, and in celery as strings

Xylem

upwards movement of water to the photosynthetic organs

phloem

downwards movement of nutrients to the rest of the plant body

Lignin

tough polymer strengthening cell walls and vascular system

Lignin helps support the plant against what disadvantage

geavity

what type of plant has lignin

woody plants

seed

embryo with food supply and hard coat

what way has seeds helped plant survival

Enables reproduction in very dry or seasonal areas

advantages of plants moving to land

more sunlight

more Co2

less competition

access to new nutrients and untapped resources

biome

distinctive plant communities constrained by climate and distributed across large parts of earth

Ecosystem

more or less stable, self-regulating, integrated community of plants and other organisms

plants are what in relation to ecosystems

the building blocks

Genetic engineering

genetic manipulation of plants to improve traits in ways unattainable with traditional breeding

Phytoremediation

fixing damaged and polluted landscapes with plants, some of which accumulate harmful materials