Lifestyle Diseases Study Notes

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions from the lecture notes on Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Shock, and Meal Planning & Balanced Diet.

Diabetes mellitus

A type of disorder in which deficiency of insulin causes an excessive rise in blood glucose level and excretion of glucose through urine.

Type I Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)

A type of diabetes caused by low formation of insulin due to damage of the $\beta$ cells, occurring between $14\text{--}20$ years of age and affecting about $10\%$ of diabetic patients.

Type II Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

A type of diabetes caused by low secretion of insulin and less susceptibility of tissue cells to insulin due to an insulin receptor defect, occurring after $40$ years of age and affecting $80\text{--}90\%$ of diabetic patients.

Hyperglycaemia

High blood sugar level above $180\text{--}300\,mg$ or more per $100\,ml$ of blood (normal $80\text{--}120\,mg$ per $100\,ml$).

Glycosuria

The appearance of sugar in urine, occurring when blood sugar exceeds $180\,mg\%$.

Polyuria

Increased urine volume due to the elimination of more water along with glucose.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst caused by loss of water from the body.

Polyphagia

Excess eating due to stimulation of the satiety centre from deficient glucose utilisation in the hypothalamus.

Hypertriglyceridaemia

Increased conversion of free fatty acids to triglycerides and secretion of VLDL/chylomicrons with low lipoprotein lipase activity, which raises plasma VLDL, chylomicron, and triglyceride levels.

Hypertension

The sustained increase in arterial blood pressure.

Primary (Essential) Hypertension

The most common type of hypertension where arterial blood pressure is more than $150/90\,mmHg$ and the etiological cause cannot be ascertained.

Secondary Hypertension

Hypertension that has a known underlying cause, such as diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, or Cushing's syndrome.

Malignant hypertension

A special type of hypertension where blood pressure rises suddenly and drastically, up to $260/150\,mmHg$.

Isolated systolic hypertension

A form of hypertension caused by arterial stiffness, heart valve problems, or hyperthyroidism, characterized by high systolic blood pressure with normal diastolic blood pressure.

White coat hypertension

A condition in which blood pressure is raised only in a clinical setting due to anxiety, but remains normal outside the hospital.

Resistant hypertension

Hypertension that is unresponsive to medication, considered resistant if $3$ anti-hypertensive drugs fail.

ACE inhibitors

Antihypertensive drugs, such as ramipril, enalapril, and captopril, that inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

Orthostatic (Postural) Hypotension

A condition where blood pools in the lower limbs on standing, decreasing venous return and cardiac output due to a disruption in the compensatory sympathetic response.

Shock

A syndrome in which profound and widespread reduction of effective tissue perfusion leads initially to reversible, and then (if prolonged) to irreversible cellular dysfunction, organ failure, and death.

Shock Index (SI)

A measurement defined as $\text{Heart Rate} \div \text{Systolic BP}$, with a normal physiological range of $0.5\text{--}0.8$.

Hypovolemic Shock

A type of shock caused by intra-vascular fluid volume loss, which can be non-haemorrhagic (e.g., vomiting, burns) or haemorrhagic (e.g., trauma, GI bleed).

Cardiogenic Shock

A type of shock resulting from the impairment of the heart's pumping activity, commonly caused by conditions such as acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, or dysrhythmia.

Obstructive Shock

A type of shock caused by physical obstruction to normal cardiac output and diminished systemic perfusion, such as tension pneumothorax or massive pulmonary emboli.

Distributive Shock

A class of shock characterized by loss of peripheral vascular resistance, including septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic shock.

Septic shock

An endotoxic distributive shock secondary to infection (e.g., peritonitis) involving the release of bacterial toxins into circulation.

Anaphylactic shock

An IgE-mediated severe hypersensitivity reaction leading to generalised arteriolar dilatation, increased capillary permeability, and a fall in blood pressure.

Neurogenic shock

A type of distributive shock caused by a loss of peripheral vasomotor control due to spinal injury, deep anaesthesia, or brain damage.

Non-progressive (compensated) stage of shock

The first stage of shock in which compensatory mechanisms (baroreceptor reflexes, angiotensin-aldosterone/ADH release, fluid absorption) restore cardiac output and blood pressure to normal.

Progressive stage of shock

The second stage of shock in which the circulatory system deteriorates, coronary blood flow decreases, and ischemic tissues release toxins into circulation.

Irreversible stage of shock

The final stage of shock where marked hypoxic tissue damage, endothelial dysfunction, microcirculation failure, progressive acidosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation lead to death.

Balanced Diet

A diet containing different types of food in such quantities and proportions that nutrient requirements (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, bioactive phytochemicals) are met for health and vitality.

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)

Estimates of nutrients to be consumed daily to meet the requirements of all individuals in a population, including a safety factor to cover individual variation and processing losses.

Meal Planning

The art and science of planning diets that provide all required nutrients in proper amounts and proportions for optimum nutrition and digestion.