APES Study Guide Unit 2

APES Unit 2 Questions

What are the nonliving components of Earth called?

Abiotic components

What occurs when two individuals compete for resources in the environment?

Competition

What occurs when species can coexist and share resources without any conflict?

Resource Partitioning

What occurs when one species feeds on another?

Predation

What are close, prolonged associations between two or more different organisms of different species called?

Symbiotic Relationships

What type of symbiotic relationship is it when both organisms benefit?

Mutualism

What type of symbiotic relationship is it when one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited?

Commensalism

What type of symbiotic relationship is it when one organism benefits by harming the other organism?

Parasitism

What occurs when a species cannot adapt quickly enough to environmental change and all members of the species die?

Extinction

What is the extermination of a species when no individuals of this species are left on the planet?

Biological Extinction

What is it called when there are so few individuals of a species left that this species can no longer perform its ecological function?

Ecological Extinction

What is it called when a few individuals exist, but the effort needed to locate and harvest them is not worth the expense?

Commercial Extinction

Physical items we obtain from our environment are called?

Provisioning Services

Non-material benefits people obtain from the ecosystem are called?

Cultural Services

Benefits obtained from the regulating of ecosystems are called?

Regulating Services

Services that allow for other ecosystems services to be present are called?

Support Services

What type of species maintains the biotic balance in a community?

Keystone

What type of species is used as a standard to evaluate the health of an ecosystem?

Indicator

What begins in a virtually lifeless area?

Primary Succession

What takes place where an existing community has been cleared, but the soil has been left intact?

Secondary Succession

What organisms are present in the first stages of either type of succession?

Pioneer Species

What is the number of individuals of a population that inhabit a certain unit of land or water area?

Population Density

What is how individuals of a population are spaced within a region?

Population Dispersion

What dispersion pattern adheres to the “those of a feather flock together” idea?

Clumped Dispersion

What dispersion pattern is when members of a population are uniformly spaced throughout their geographic region; usually a result of competition for an ecosystem’s resources?

Uniform Dispersion

What dispersion pattern occurs when the position of each member of a population is not determined or influenced by other members of the population?

Random Dispersion

What is how much a population would grow if there were unlimited resources in the environment?

Biotic Potential

What is the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources in the region?

Carrying Capacity

What model is also known as Exponential Growth?

J-Curve Model

What model is also known as logistic Population Growth?

S-Curve

What is the rule of 70 used to determine?

The time it takes for a population to double

What type of organism reproduces early in life and usually have a high capacity for reproductive growth?

R-selected Organisms

What type of organism reproduces later in life, produces fewer organisms, and devotes significant time and energy to nurturing of offspring?

K-selected Organisms

What cycle is very common among r-strategists, a rapid increase→ equally rapid drop-off?

Boom-and-Bust Cycle

Increased predation, competition for food or living space, disease, and buildup of toxic materials are examples of what?

Density-dependent Factors

Fires, storms, and earthquakes are examples of what?

Density-independent Factors

What type of survivorship curve has the majority of offspring living for a long period of time?

Type I

What type of survivorship curve has offspring with a 50-50 chance of surviving to old age?

Type II

What type of survivorship curve has most offspring dying young, but if they live to a certain age, they will live a longer life?

Type III

What is the number of live births per 1,000 members of the population in a year?

Birth rate

What is the number of deaths per 1,000 members?

Death rate

What is the movement of people out of a population?

Emigration

What is the movement of people into a population?

Immigration

What is the number of children a woman in a given population will bear during her lifetime?

Total Fertility Rate

The number of children a couple must have in order to replace themselves in a population is called?

Replacement Birth Rate

What is used to describe the environmental impact of a population?

Ecological Footprint

What is I = P * A * T?

IPAT Model I = The total impact
P = Population size, A = Affluence, T = Level of technology

What is any human process that turns a vegetated environment into a desert-like landscape?

Desertification

What is the salt content in soil increasing?

Soil Salinization

What is the act of clearing a forested area of trees and other vegetation without the intention of replanting?

Deforestation

What is the species likely to become endangered if no action is taken?

Vulnerable Species

What is the species likely to become extinct?

Endangered Species

What do you call the species is at a very high risk of extinction?

Critically Endangered

What is represented by HIPPCO - an acronym to memorize the cause of extinction?

H - Habitat Destruction/Fragmentation
I - Invasives
P - Population
P - Pollution
C - Climate Change
O - Overharvesting/Overexploitation

What are the parts of the lithosphere that float on the asthenosphere?

Tectonic Plates

What are the edges of tectonic plates?

Plate Boundaries

What plate boundary has two plates that are pushed toward and into each other?

Convergent Boundary

What plate boundary has two plates move away from each other?

Divergent Boundary

What Plate boundary has two plates slide against each other in opposite directions?

Transform Fault Boundary

What occurs when an older and denser plate sinks beneath the younger and lighter plate?

Subduction

What occurs when the oceanic plate is subducted beneath the less dense continental plate, forming a deep ocean trench?

Ocean-continent convergence

What is the initial surface location of the earthquake?

Epicenter

What is an instrument that measures size or magnitude of an earthquake?

Seismograph

What measures amplitude of the highest S-wave?

Richter Scale

What volcano classification has erupted within the last 10,000 years?

Active

What volcano classification has not erupted within the last 10,000 years but is expected to erupt again?

Dormant

What volcano classification is not expected to erupt again?

Extinct

Where does new ocean floor forms as magma fills in the gap between separating plates?

Rift Valley

Where are columns of unusually hot magma that rise from deep in the mantle originate?

Hotspots

What type of volcano is Tall, has a broad base and a gentle slope?

Shield Volcanoes

What type of volcano is Tall, has a broad base and a steep slope?

Composite Volcanoes

What type of volcano is Small, Short, has a Steep slope, a Symmetrical cone ans a bowl-like crater?

Cinder Cones

Which later of the atmosphere has the the thinnest gases?

Exosphere

In what layer of the atmosphere do auroras occur?

Thermosphere

What layer of the atmosphere absorbs X-rays and ultraviolet radiation from the Sun?

Ionosphere

Where do meteors usually burn up before striking Earth?

Mesosphere

Where is the ozone layer located?

Stratosphere

Where weather takes place?

Troposphere

What are the types of greenhouse gases?

Water Vapor - H₂O
Carbon Dioxide - CO₂
Methane - CH₄

What results in a variation in insolation, the amount of solar radiation that reaches a given area?

Seasons

What is the concentration of Carbon Dioxide today?

400 ppm

What is are results of climate change?

Decrease of glaciers and ice sheets, Increased crop yields in cold environments, Coastal settlements change, etc

What measure promotes sustainable growth and reduces climate change?

Policy