Quiz 5 HBIO420L

PPE is

lab coat, gloves, safety glasses, when handling samples

What is the correct order for cleaning refractometer

Kimwipe → Alcohol Swab → Water RInse

Alcohol Swab → Kimwipe → Alcohol Swab

Kimwipe → Alcohol Swab → Kimwipe

Kimwipe → Alcohol Swab → Kimwipe

Disposal → all urine emptied…

anything that touches urine goes into…

Toilet

Biohazard

What are the three ingredients of Chloride Clearance?

Potassium Chromate (light yellow indicator)

Urine Sample

Silver nitrate, colorless known substance

AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NANO3 (initial reaction, label)

silver nitrate, urine sample, white precipitate, sodium nitrate

Continued Addition of Silver Nitrate (Label the reaction)

K2CrO4, 2AgNO3 → Ag2CrO4 + 2KNO3

Chromate Indicator, Silver Nitrate, Silver Chromate, Potassium nitrate

Glomerulus flow rate (GFR)

volume of fluid tilers into Bowman’s capsule per unit of time

Kidney function

maintain normal cellular and physiological function

What is the major chemical excreted via kidney?

Urea

Buildup of urea and ammonia can lead to

organ failure, death

Kidneys constantly work to remove unwanted/excess materials from

blood plasma

cortex

outer layer

medulla

innermost part

nephron

functional unit of kidney

Bowman’s Capsule

Surrounds glomerulus

Glomerulus

Where blood is filtered, urine begins to form

Peritubular Capillaries

Reabsorb and return vital substances back into circulation

Regulation of ________ and sequentially ______

body fluid volumes, blood pressure

Excess Na+ ingested from food can be removed by

increase inBP

Water and thirst

Hormonal communication between kidneys & CNS

water content low = more water retained.. →

high [urea] in urine

Hypothalamus does what

monitors blood osmolarity

Renal Calculi also known as…

kidney stones

LT Hypertension leads →

renal failure

Hypertension

Elevated BP

Adds pressure → Arterioles, glomerular capillary, tubular cells

Causes cell damage, scarring

Filtration compromised

Leaking of protein and cellular detritus

Renal Failure S&S

decreased urine volume, increased thirst, headaches

Diabetic Nephropathy symptoms

Urination, increased thirst

Glucosuria

Excess _____ in the urine

_________ form kidneys to filter excess glucose

Glucose transport pumps gets…

Proximal tubules can/can’t reabsorb

glucose

increases demand

backed up

can’t

Glucosuria

Glucose + _______ stay in tubule to be excreted

Leads to →

water

proteinuria, hematuria

Diabetes (TI, TII)

Inability to regulate blood glucose

Congestive Heart Failure

decreases BP → decreases perfusion → impairs

kidney BF, impaired kidney function

how does CNS maintain BP in congestive heart failure

vasoconstriction, causes reduction to BF → kidneys

decreases urine output, increasing fluid retention (edema)

Edema is detrimental to only cell tissue.

all bodily

How to treat edema

diuretic therapies

symptoms of congestive heart failure

low BP, high HR, low urine output/frequency

edema, fatigue, shortness of breath

trauma induced acute Renal failure

blood loss (via trauma)

-BP decrease → decrease perfusion →

impaired kidney function bc of less blood flow

trauma-induced acute renal failure

tubule cells…

die and slough into urine

trauma induced acute renal failure

-filtration compromise

proteinuria, hematuria, salts in urine

symptoms of Trauma-induced Acute Renal Failure

increased urine volume, back bruising, potential chronic renal failure, impaired function

Renal Calculi (kidney stones)

-formed in _______ of the neprhon

can be a result of low pH (acidic)

late portions

high (basic)

kidney stones can be a result of…

impaired ability to produce protein preventing kidney stone formation

low back/ab pain, urination, visible blood in urine, burnin sensation during urination, gritty urine

kidney stones S&S

kidneys, bladder, and urinary tract are vulnerable to… (kidney infection)

external environment

pathogen can be transported through

urethra

urethra → bladder → ureter →

kidney

kidney infection can be derived from a

blood-borne pathogen as well

burning sensation during urination, fever, flu symptoms

kidney infection

severe dehydration

humans cannot ______ for long periods of time

low water volume =

reabsorb/conserve water

poor filtration, urea/ammonia buildup

can be deadly

excessive thirst, dry mouth, headaches, infrequent urination, highly concentrated urine, low BP, high HR

severe dehydration S&S

genetic kidney disorder manifested before age 20

polycystic kidney disease

large fluid-filled cysts throughout

the kidneys (polycystic kidney disease)

causes obstruction of kidney structures

urine bleeding, complete renal failure

polycystic kidney disease

polycystic kidney disease S&S

abdominal heaviness, LBP