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PPE is
lab coat, gloves, safety glasses, when handling samples
What is the correct order for cleaning refractometer
Kimwipe → Alcohol Swab → Water RInse
Alcohol Swab → Kimwipe → Alcohol Swab
Kimwipe → Alcohol Swab → Kimwipe
Kimwipe → Alcohol Swab → Kimwipe
Disposal → all urine emptied…
anything that touches urine goes into…
Toilet
Biohazard
What are the three ingredients of Chloride Clearance?
Potassium Chromate (light yellow indicator)
Urine Sample
Silver nitrate, colorless known substance
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NANO3 (initial reaction, label)
silver nitrate, urine sample, white precipitate, sodium nitrate
Continued Addition of Silver Nitrate (Label the reaction)
K2CrO4, 2AgNO3 → Ag2CrO4 + 2KNO3
Chromate Indicator, Silver Nitrate, Silver Chromate, Potassium nitrate
Glomerulus flow rate (GFR)
volume of fluid tilers into Bowman’s capsule per unit of time
Kidney function
maintain normal cellular and physiological function
What is the major chemical excreted via kidney?
Urea
Buildup of urea and ammonia can lead to
organ failure, death
Kidneys constantly work to remove unwanted/excess materials from
blood plasma
cortex
outer layer
medulla
innermost part
nephron
functional unit of kidney
Bowman’s Capsule
Surrounds glomerulus
Glomerulus
Where blood is filtered, urine begins to form
Peritubular Capillaries
Reabsorb and return vital substances back into circulation
Regulation of ________ and sequentially ______
body fluid volumes, blood pressure
Excess Na+ ingested from food can be removed by
increase inBP
Water and thirst
Hormonal communication between kidneys & CNS
water content low = more water retained.. →
high [urea] in urine
Hypothalamus does what
monitors blood osmolarity
Renal Calculi also known as…
kidney stones
LT Hypertension leads →
renal failure
Hypertension
Elevated BP
Adds pressure → Arterioles, glomerular capillary, tubular cells
Causes cell damage, scarring
Filtration compromised
Leaking of protein and cellular detritus
Renal Failure S&S
decreased urine volume, increased thirst, headaches
Diabetic Nephropathy symptoms
Urination, increased thirst
Glucosuria
Excess _____ in the urine
_________ form kidneys to filter excess glucose
Glucose transport pumps gets…
Proximal tubules can/can’t reabsorb
glucose
increases demand
backed up
can’t
Glucosuria
Glucose + _______ stay in tubule to be excreted
Leads to →
water
proteinuria, hematuria
Diabetes (TI, TII)
Inability to regulate blood glucose
Congestive Heart Failure
decreases BP → decreases perfusion → impairs
kidney BF, impaired kidney function
how does CNS maintain BP in congestive heart failure
vasoconstriction, causes reduction to BF → kidneys
decreases urine output, increasing fluid retention (edema)
Edema is detrimental to only cell tissue.
all bodily
How to treat edema
diuretic therapies
symptoms of congestive heart failure
low BP, high HR, low urine output/frequency
edema, fatigue, shortness of breath
trauma induced acute Renal failure
blood loss (via trauma)
-BP decrease → decrease perfusion →
impaired kidney function bc of less blood flow
trauma-induced acute renal failure
tubule cells…
die and slough into urine
trauma induced acute renal failure
-filtration compromise
proteinuria, hematuria, salts in urine
symptoms of Trauma-induced Acute Renal Failure
increased urine volume, back bruising, potential chronic renal failure, impaired function
Renal Calculi (kidney stones)
-formed in _______ of the neprhon
can be a result of low pH (acidic)
late portions
high (basic)
kidney stones can be a result of…
impaired ability to produce protein preventing kidney stone formation
low back/ab pain, urination, visible blood in urine, burnin sensation during urination, gritty urine
kidney stones S&S
kidneys, bladder, and urinary tract are vulnerable to… (kidney infection)
external environment
pathogen can be transported through
urethra
urethra → bladder → ureter →
kidney
kidney infection can be derived from a
blood-borne pathogen as well
burning sensation during urination, fever, flu symptoms
kidney infection
severe dehydration
humans cannot ______ for long periods of time
low water volume =
reabsorb/conserve water
poor filtration, urea/ammonia buildup
can be deadly
excessive thirst, dry mouth, headaches, infrequent urination, highly concentrated urine, low BP, high HR
severe dehydration S&S
genetic kidney disorder manifested before age 20
polycystic kidney disease
large fluid-filled cysts throughout
the kidneys (polycystic kidney disease)
causes obstruction of kidney structures
urine bleeding, complete renal failure
polycystic kidney disease
polycystic kidney disease S&S
abdominal heaviness, LBP