Philippine Education Law and Policy: Constitution, Acts, and Court Rulings

Batas Pambansa No. 232

Education Act of 1982, education should be relevant to the needs of society.

1987 Philippine Constitution

It is the highest law in the Philippines. All laws should be patterned with the constitution.

Complete

A term used to describe education that is whole or entire.

Adequate

State of being enough.

Integrated

Connected; all Philippine schools are connected.

Regular School

Has a separate institution for primary (elementary) and secondary (high school) level.

Integrated School

A type of school that combines primary and secondary education.

State

The Philippine government.

Alien

Refers to humans outside of the Philippine territory; a foreigner.

DECS

Department of Education, Culture and Sports.

RA 6655

Free Public Secondary Education Act, which backs free public education in elementary and high school levels.

RA 6728

Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education.

ESC

Education Service Contracting, amelioration for students enrolling from public school to private school.

SHS Voucher Program

A program that provides financial assistance to students in Senior High School.

RA 10931

Universal Access to Tertiary Education.

TSS

Teacher Salary Subsidy, which increased from 18,000 a year to 24,000/year.

Formal School

Hierarchically and structured system where certifications are required.

Non-Formal School

No hierarchy specific to those who can't read or write, out-of-school youth, and adults.

RA 9155

Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001, emphasizes School-Based Management.

Alternative Learning System (ALS)

Learning modality for adults with arduous experience in a specific field but did not take secondary education.

Constitution of Exception

Refers to foreign ambassadors and ambassadress having their foreign diplomatic personnel and their dependence.

3Rs

Basic literacy skills: Reading, 'Riting, 'Rithmetic.

Quality Education

The state shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels.

Decentralization Law

Law that emphasizes School-Based Management, opposing Centralization Law.

Accreditation and Equivalency Test

Conducted in 10 months and required to pass.

Informal School

Learning through experience (as per RA 9155).

Subjects Required to Study

1. Constitution 2. Life and Works of Rizal (backed by RA 1425).

Tax Exception

All direct donations and grants to a learning institution are tax exempted to ensure affordable and quality education.

Academic Freedom for Higher Learning

Students have the freedom to pick their program; College Teachers have the freedom to pursue research and implement how they teach; Schools have the freedom to choose students by admission test.

National budget preparation

Prepared by the Congress, who is responsible for allocating budget.

RA 8491

The Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines.

Philippine flag positioning

The Philippine flag must always be on the left side of the stage.

Half-mast protocol

If the president passed away while in office, the Philippine flag should be raised half-mast on the pole for ten days following its official announcement.

Flag disposal

If the Philippine flag is broken (worn-out/tattered), it should be solemnly burned.

Religion Classes Provisions

1. Religion classes are optional with written permission from parents to join the class. 2. Taught within regular class hours. 3. Those designated by religious authorities can teach. 4. No additional cost from the government.

Education sector budget

The education sector (DepEd) must always have the highest budget in creating the national budget.

Language in Education

Filipino is the national language; Filipino and English are the official languages; Regional languages are auxiliary medium of instruction.

RA 10533

The K-12 Law.

MTB-MLE

Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education.

Bilingual Education Language Subjects

English: English, Math, Science, MAPEH, TLE; Filipino: Filipino, Araling Panlipunan, EsP, EPP, MSEP.

School Population Regulation

There must not be a school for Aliens; Aliens should not be greater than 1/3 and Filipinos should not be less than 2/3 of the school population.

Optional learned subjects

Spanish and Arabic are optional or voluntary learned subjects.

Spanish language option

Spanish is an option due to the colonization of the Spaniards to the Philippines.

Arabic language option

Arabic is an option for the people of Mindanao, in light with the Madrasah curriculum (ALIVE).

Peña case

Peña was removed from school as he failed to get at least 85% satisfactory rating in faculty evaluation, as per the school manual.

Cudia vs Superintendent of the Philippine Military Academy

Cadet Aldrin Jeff Cudia was expelled for lying about being late; ruled as CONSTITUTIONAL since the court cannot interfere with the academic freedom of the school.

Camacho vs Coresis Jr.

This is a case of doctoral students under Dr. Daleon; 3 ghost students were not always present in regular class but received grades of 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50.

Presidential Decree 1006

Decree professionalizing teaching that prescribed board exam.

Definition of Teacher According to PD 1006

Teacher - someone who engage in a classroom setting in elementary and secondary level, whether in part-time or full-time basis. They are: Guidance Counselors, School Librarians, Industrial Arts/Vocational Teachers, Administrative (principal or school head) and/or Supervisory (district supervisor or district superintendent) Function in Public and Private School.

Science and Technology

Section 10: Science and technology are essential for national development and progress.

Government Incentives for Research

Section 11: The government provides incentives for research.

Arts and Culture

Filipinos should support traditional and modern cultural heritage.

Sports

Section 19, Clause (2): Intramurals must be conducted every school year.

Pimentel vs Legal Education Board (LEB)

LEB is an institution that controls all law school in the Philippines.

LEB Faculty Requirement

LEB required that all faculty members of law schools in the Philippines must have a masters in law.

LEB Student Requirement

LEB requires that all enrolling students in law school must pass the Philippine Law School Administration Test (PhiLSAT).

Pimentel vs LEB Ruling

Ruled as UNCONSTITUTIONAL in infringing the academic freedom of the higher institution in selecting both the faculties and the students.

Peña vs National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC)

Peña is a teacher in Naga Parochial School, a private school in Naga.

Peña's Promotion Requirement

The school requires a 3-year satisfactory rating to promote to a permanent position (probationary period; only private schools do this).

RA 10533 or the K-12 Law

Non-education takers can still take the examination but has to enroll and complete 18 units of professional education subjects.

Philippine Board Examination for Teachers (PBET)

No scope at all; PD 1006 did not specify the scope of the examination.

PBET Scores and Passing Rate

Scores should not be <50 in any of the subjects. Results will be released within 150 days after the examination took place. Passing rate: 70% (PD 1006).

National Board for Teachers (NBT)

1st body to govern the teaching profession in the Philippines. They have the power to create and revoke a license.

Members of the NBT

1. Secretary of DECS, 2. Commissioner of CSC (Civil Service Commission), 3. Commissioner of PRC (Professional Regulation Commission), 4. A member appointed by the president, 5. A member appointed by the president.

Duties of the NBT

1. To appoint examiners, 2. To provide place and time of the exam, 3. Collect fees, 4. Issue Certificate of Eligibility.

Examiner Responsibilities

Examiners create questions for PBET and are anonymous but later revealed after the release of results.

Exam Fees

The board collects PHP 5.00 as an entrance fee and has a ceiling amount of PHP 18,000.00.

Issuance of Certificate

Rating also refers to the eligibility of the taker. The passer will receive a Professional Teacher Certificate.

Registration by Reciprocity

The board can create and revoke the certificate. If lost, applicant can reissue the certificate.

Qualifications for Examination

It is a mutual agreement of the ASEAN countries.

Prohibition

PD 1006 took effect on January 1, 1980. Registered teachers before the implementation of the decree do not have to take the PBET.

Definition of a Teacher According to RA 7836

Teacher - engages in a classroom setting in elementary and secondary level, whether in part-time or full-time basis.

Qualifications of a Teacher

1. Citizen of the Philippines 2. Good Moral Character 3. Free from any physical and mental defect 4. Educational Background

Scope of RA 7836

Old Term: BSEEd (Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education), New Term: BEEd (Bachelor in Elementary Education).

Board for Professional Teachers

5 People of the Board: 1. Chairman 2. Vice-Chairman 3. A member appointed by the president 4. A member appointed by the president 5. A member appointed by the president.

Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET)

Scope includes the creation of questions, determining the date, place, and frequency of the exam.

General Education Percentage in LET

Gen. Ed. accounts for 40% with 150 items and a time limit of 2 hours.

Professional Education Percentage in LET

Prof. Ed. accounts for 60% with 150 items and a time limit of 3 hours.

Specialization Subjects in LET

In specialization subjects, all majorships have 150 items except for Mathematics majors, which has 120 items.

Date of LET

The exam is scheduled in September and May on a Sunday to avoid class disruption.

Location of LET

In Pangasinan, examiners can take the exam in Rosales and Bayambang.

Frequency of LET

The exam is conducted twice a year.

Issuance of License

The board can create and revoke the license. If lost, the applicant can reissue the license.

Qualifications for Board Members

1. Must be 35 years old and above 2. With 10 years of teaching experience 3. Masters and/or doctor holder is not required 4. 3 years prior to appointment, the teacher should not be a member or affiliated to any school to avoid bias.

Qualifications for Registration

1. Must be 18 years old and above 2. Citizen of the Philippines or Alien with reciprocity 3. Good Moral Character 4. Free from any physical and mental defect 5. Must not be convicted with any crime involving moral turpitude.

Scores and Passing Rate

Scores should not be <50 in any of the subjects. Passing rate: 75% (RA 7836).

Preschool Level Program

BECEd (Bachelor in Early Childhood Education).

Elementary Level Program

BEEd (Bachelor in Elementary Education).

Secondary Level Program

BSEd (Bachelor in Secondary Education).

Duties of the Board

1. They will create the questions themselves. 2. Determine the date, place, and frequency.

Sample Schedule for LET

Registration: 6:00 AM - 8:00 AM, Gen. Ed.: 8:00 AM - 10:00 AM, Break: 10:00 AM - 11:00 AM, Prof. Ed.: 11:00 AM - 2:00 PM, Break: 2:00 PM - 3:00 PM, BSEd Specialization: 3:00 PM - 6:30 PM.

Educational Background Requirement

This is to ensure efficiency as a teacher.

Dr. Rosita Navarro

They focus on assessment questions.

Dr. Paz Lucido

One of the authors in Child-Adolescent Development and Technology subjects.

Dr. Nora Uy and Dr. Paraluman Giron

Members of the Board.

Dr. Brenda Corpuz

Two weeks before the exam, Dr. Corpuz and their board members were to stay in a secluded area with the exam questionnaire to avoid leakage of the examination.