Unit 7 AP Euro

Nationalism

identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, ESPECIALLY to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

Romantic Idealism

A naïve, miscalculated dream of a perfect world without factoring in the flaws that reality would bring

Grimm Brothers

collected and published local German fairy tales, work is example of Romantic German nationalism

Richard Wagner

German composer of operas and inventor of the music drama in which drama and spectacle and music are fused (1813-1883)

Victor Hugo

(1802-1885) French writer, an exponent in the French Romantic movement, best known poems were La Légende des siècles and Les Contemplations, best known novels- Hunchback of Notre-Dame and Les Miserables

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

German philosopher (1762-1814) he promoted an economic system where the entire country was shut off from the rest of the world. Fichte also believed in Volksgeist.

National Aggrandizement

The promotion of a nation to make it appear to have great powers/to be an exemplar for "lesser" nations to follow.

Chauvinistic

feeling or displaying aggressive or exaggerated patriotism

Racialism

belief in the existence of biologically distinct races

Pan-Slavism

A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.

Antisemitism

Prejudice against Jews

Pogrom

An organized massacre of a particular ethnic group.

Napoleon III

(1852-1870) Former Louis Napoleon, who became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'etat, ultimately making himself head of the Second Empire. Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872)

Camillo di Cavour

The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Christian Social Party in Germany

founded in 1878 in Germany by Adolf Stoecker. The party combined a strong Christian and conservative programme with progressive ideas on labour, and tried to provide an alternative for disillusioned Social Democrat voters. It also focused on the "Jewish question" with a distinct antisemitic attitude.

Karl Lueger

The fiery mayor of Vienna who preached anti-Semitism and appealed to lower middle class

Dreyfus Affair

Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason because they military was anti-Semitic, and it divided the country

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Theodore Herzl

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industrialize.

Victor Emmanuel II

He was king of Sardinia, Piedmont and Savory until 1861 when he was crowned the first king of a united Italy

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

Kaiser Wilhelm II

was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.

Three Emperors' League

Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia's emperors formed 1873; the three most conservative powers of Europe. Formed by Otto-von Bismarck to deal with Germany's threat of encirclement. Austria's challenge was internal cultural diversity. Russia's economic prosperity was vulnerable to whoever controlled the Bosporus seaports for trade.

Reinsurance Treaty

Bismarck sought to preserve friendly terms with the Russian and signed this in hopes to prevent a French-Russianalliance that would threaten Germany on a two-front war.

Dual Alliance

Bismarck's (Germany's) secret treaty with Austria which provided for support if attacked by Russia.

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Congress of Berlin

(1878) Assembly of representatives from Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Meeting was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans - led to greater nationalism.

Entente Cordiale

The 1904 "gentleman's agreement" between France and Britain establishing a close understanding, and an opening to friendly relations between the two.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Balkans

geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. Greece and the region North of Greece.

Bosnia-Herzegovina

The two countries annexed by Austria that sparked major tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia

Balkan Wars

Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war. These wars were mostly territorial and were a precursor to World War I.

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

On the Origin of Species

1859: Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce

Natural Selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Theory of Evolution

states that organisms change and develop over time to adapt an increase rate of survival

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Survival of the Fittest

Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection

Victorian Era

The period during the reign of Queen Victoria of England (1819-1901). With regard to sexuality, it was a time of great public prudery (the pleasurable aspects of sex were denied) and many incorrect medical beliefs.

Materialism

preoccupation with physical comforts and things

Physicalism

(The belief that) the real world is nothing more than the physical world

Positivism

the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation

Auguste Comte

father of sociology

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

Irrationalism

Any explanation of human behavior stressing determinants that are not under rational control—for example, explanations that emphasize the importance of emotions or unconscious mechanisms.

Friedrich Nietzche

Influential 19th-century German philosopher, rejected middle-class morality, saying that it led to a false and shallow existence. Believed that the "will-to-power" would reorder the world.

Georges Sorel

(1847-1922), believed socialism would come to power in a general strike of the workers, who would be controlled by a small revolutionary elite

Henri Bergson

A French philosophy professor who said that personal experiences and intuition were more important than rational thought and thinking

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Max Planck

German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918.

Quantum Mechanics

Study of physics at the atomic level where energy is quantized in discrete, rather than continuous, levels.

Age of Imperialism

Last quarter of the 19th century, an age where countries took over other countries to expand.

Balance of Trade

the difference between a country's total exports and total imports

The White Man's Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those "less civilized", which also tended to be regions inhabited by people of color.

Mission Civilisatrice

missionaries goal to implant French culture, language and religion, equivalent to white man's burden

Minie Ball

The standard rifle bullet used at the start of the Crimean War. Invented in France, it made the rifle more accurate and led to staggering casualties compared to previous eras.

Breech-Loading Rifle

Gun into which the projectiles had to be individually inserted. Later guns had magazines, a compartment holding multiple projectiles that could be fed rapidly into the firing chamber. (p. 681)

Machine Gun

An automatic gun that fires bullets in rapid succession for as long as the trigger is pressed.

Louis Pasteur

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

Joseph Lister

discovered how antiseptics prevented infection

Germ Theory

the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes

antiseptic

substance that prevents infection

anesthesia

the use of medication to block pain during surgery and other medical procedures

malaria

A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood.

quinine

a drug used for fighting malaria and other fevers

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa (connected to the "Scramble for Africa")

Fashoda Crisis

Military confrontation between Great Britain and France in the Sudan in 1898

Morocco

a North African country bordering the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea,

Sphere of Influence

A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.

Joseph Conrad

This man wrote Heart of Darkness, where he criticized the Europeans in their civilizing of the African continent.

Edmund D. Morel

launched first international human rights movement, because he saw materials going out and soldiers going into the Congo.

Congo Reform Association (CRA)

An association formed by Roger Casement and ED Morel in order to bring attention to and end the atrocities happening in the country, also trying to get Congo's government's attention

John A. Hobson

an English economist, who wrote the most famous critiques of the economic bases of imperialism saying that it was an endless process and only gave temporary solutions to long term problems

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Pan-German League

in Germany; stressed strong German nationalism and advocated imperialism as a tool to overcome social divisions and unite all classes

Zulu

kingdom in southern Africa that built power off of cattle farming and prevented Europeans from entering their land

Ethiopia

East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.

Sepoy

An Indian soldier serving under British command.

Congress Party

A major national political party in India - also known as the Indian National Congress.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason (think of the gut feeling)

Caspar David Friedrich

19th century German Romantic painter, considered by many critics to be one of the finest representatives of the movement- especially Romantic painting Wanderer above the Sea of Fog

John Constable

most notable romantic painter-fascinated by nature-gentle Wordsworthian landscapes in which human beings were at one with their environment, the comforting countryside of unspoiled rural England

J.M.W. Turner

An English romantic painter of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, known especially for his dramatic, lavishly colored landscapes and seascapes.

Francisco Goya

A Spanish painter and printmaker, Goya (1746-1828) worked for the Spanish Crown, and was a member of the Romanticist movement. He painted Third of May, 1808 in commemoration of the massacres of the Spanish people during the French occupation of Iberia.

Eugene Delacroix

French romantic painter, master of dramatic colorful scenes that stirred the emotions. Greatest romantic painters. Fascinated with remote and exotic subjects. Masterpiece: Liberty Leading the People

Ludwig van Beethoven

This pianist was considered the master of Romanticism music

Frederic Chopin

A nineteenth-century Polish romantic composer who spent most of his career in France. He is known for his expressive piano pieces; he composed almost exclusively for that instrument.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Romantic composer known for his composition of the Nutcracker Suite.

Richard Wagner

German composer of operas and inventor of the music drama in which drama and spectacle and music are fused (1813-1883)