Lecture Quiz # 2

What are the layers of thick and thin skin?

thick - stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

thin - stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum

what is the tissue type of the dermis?

connective tissue

what is the main component of the dermis?

collagenous-fibers

what are the two layers of the dermis, how are they different?

papillary and reticular

papillary is thin areola tissue, reticular is thick layer of collagen and adipocytes

what is the hypodermis and what is its function?

underneath the dermis and it contains amounts of areola and adipose tissue (subcutaneous fat)

functions of the skeletal system

support, blood formation, protection, movement

difference between osteoblast and osteocyte?

osteoblast - builds bone osteocyte - mature osteoblasts

structural unit of a compact bone?

like rings around a tree, each ring called lamellae, deposited around a Haversion canal.

What types of cells do osteogenic cells give rise to?

osteoblasts

what is the function of an osteoclast?

bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface

what are the components of the matrix of bone tissue?

collagen, hydroxyapatite

What is hydroxyapatite, what would happen if there was insufficient amounts of it in bone?

crystalized calcium phosphate, lack rigidity and support

what is the function of bone marrow? What kind of marrow produces blood cells?

bone marrow is a soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone. red bone marrow.

what are sharpey fibers and what is their functions?

collagen fibers continuous with tendons that bind muscles to bones and perforate the bone matrix to make a strong attachment

What are the endosteum and periosteum?

periosteum (around bone) endosteum (inside surface of the bone)

How does long bone growth occur in children?

epiphyseal plate is the zone where bones elongate in childeren but fuses after adolescence

Name at least five tissues found in a bone.

blood, bone marrow, cartilage, nervous tissue, fibrous and connective tissue.

What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?

ligament connects two bones, tendon connects bone to muscle

What are 4 types of joints and their characteristics? (are they movable? What joins them?)

bony: immovable, ossification.

fibrous: immoveable, bound by collagen fibers

cartilaginous: moveable, bound by hyaline or fibrocartilage.

synovial: freely moveable, separated by a film of synovial fluid

2 functions of skeletal muscle

contractibility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity

Diagram a whole muscle being able to identify the epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, and muscle fibers

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Define sarcoplasm and sarcolemma.

sarcoplasm - cytoplasm. sarcolemma - plasma membrane

What are the thick and thin filaments?

actin - thin myosin - thick

What are the two regulatory proteins bound to actin?

troponin, tropomyosin

What two binding sites are located on the myosin head?

myosin ATPase and actin binding sites

Draw and label a sarcomere and be able to label z disk, m line, a band, I band, H zone, actin, and myosin

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Contrast skeletal and cardiac muscle.

cardiac has myofibrils that are not all the same size and branch off. skeletal muscle fibers are all independent structurally and functionally

What is an intercalated disk and where would it be found?

desmosomes and connected cardiac myocytes

How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal and cardiac muscle?

SM has wide distribution primarily in visceral organs and blood vessels and smaller with a spindle shape, single nucleus, less actin and myosin so not striations

Where would smooth muscle be located?

visceral organs and blood vessels

What do automaticity and rhythmicity mean? Which cells have these properties?

self stimulate contraction and a constant rate, and cardiac muscle cells

Which cells can be joined by gap junctions? How does this effect their ability to contract?

cardiac myocytes and this allows the action potentials to move between the cells