history imperalism

WE GOT THIS LADIES WE CAN DO IT WE CAN LOCK IN

foreign policy

- a government's strategy in dealing with other nations

Domestic Policy

policy within the us

Isolationism

 a form of policy where you stay out of the affairs of other countries

Intervention:

a form of policy where you get involved in the affairs of other countries.

Sovereignty  (adj.)

• : the quality of having control over your own affairs 

  • Before 1776 the US did not have sovereignty.

Imperialism

• when one larger country wants to control a smaller country 

  • Colonialism is an example of this

Sphere of influence

a territory or country that is controlled by another country

In the late 19th Century and early 20th Century, as America became an ______, the US is going to begin to look beyond its borders to extend its influence abroad.

industrial power

during this time period what policy did america move from?

This time period is when America moved from an isolationist foreign policy to a more interventionist foreign policy. This is the beginning of America becoming a dominant force in foreign affairs.

list the 4 Reasons for American Imperialism in the late 19th century and Early 20th Century

• A.) Competition with Foreign Nations

• B.) Increase Naval and Military Strength 

• C.) New Markets

• D.) Export American Culture

A.) Competition with Foreign Nations

• By the early 20th Century the most powerful European nations had many colonial possessions 

• Great Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Spain carved Africa up into colonies and competed for its raw materials 

• Berlin Conference 1884: 14 Nations created a system for dividing up African territory without going to war with each other 

• Liberia and Ethiopia are the ONLY independent states in Africa 

• In the late 19th Century, Japan and European Nations took control economically of areas in China

• The United States wanting to compete with Countries, and establish itself as a World Power, wants to establish an overseas empire as well

B.) Economic Reasons for Overseas Expansion

• Most imperialist senator at this time 

• We had more than what we can consume so we should continue to trade overseas and abroad

• Industrial Age: Mechanization of the 19th century allowed farmers and manufacturers to produce more than American people could consume

• Before the Civil War America had 234 million in exports  by 1900 they had 100 billion in Exports

• The United States was now a leading economic power

• We need overseas territories so that our merchant ship can resupply and expand trade reach.

• No longer interested in territory in the US but also in abroad countries so we can expand our trade roots

C. Naval Strength

Why might it be necessary for a strong navy to have access to overseas markets? 

• During the age of imperialism, powerful nations sought to expand their overseas territories to secure valuable resources and new markets. A strong navy was crucial for imperialist powers to protect and control these distant colonies, facilitating economic exploitation and ensuring dominance. Naval supremacy allowed imperial powers to enforce their interests, project force, and sustain imperial ventures in distant regions

• C.) Alfred T. Mahan (1840-1914)

  • Naval officer and scholar

  • Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890):

  • Hugely influential in convincing leaders of the necessity to build their naval strength

  • By the early 20th Century we were the world’s 3rd strongest Navy

  • Argued we needed a strong and modern peacetime Navy to defend shipping lanes

  • Argued that Britain built a large empire because they had  the world’s strongest Navy

  • Argued the need for overseas bases to extend the reach and power of the Navy

    • Mahan will argue in the book about the need to acquire Hawaii and other pacific islands for this reason

D.) Exporting our Culture

Exporting American Culture

• Christianity, Democracy, Free Markets

• Saw the anglo-saxon race as superior and felt they could teach other cultures

• Saw themselves as “saviors”

• Many argued U.S. has a responsibility to spread Christianity and civilization to other cultures since the American way of life is Superior. (viewed only through the lens of one 

culture)

• Many Americans are going to see white protestant culture as “superior” and it a duty to spread their religion and values like democracy to more “primitive” cultures

• In the late 19^th and early 20^th Centuries, American missionaries are going to spread all over the world to spread Christianity 

• In the late 1860s the US was contemplating buying Alaska from Russia;Russia just got out of a war and needed to get out of debt (so they tried to sell Alaska)

• who believed we should buy this property

• Seward, Senator Charles Sumner, and others favored new territory and removing a russian monarchy from North America 

  • Believed we should buy Alaska from Russia 

• Seward, Senator Charles Sumner, and others favored new territory and removing a monarchy from North America 

Seward’s Folly and Seward’s IceBox

• Seward buys Alaska by having Congress approve the Alaska Treaty with Russia (1867)

• Russians had to bribe members of Congress to get them to approve the measure

  • Short of funds really needed to get rid of their debt

• The purchase price of Alaska was 7.2 Million Dollars

The Alaskan Purchase

• The U.S. purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 is considered to be one of the largest land deals in history. Fearing another war with Britain after the Crimean War, Russia rushed to sell Alaska to the United States for just $7.2 million, or about two cents per acre, in order to prevent nearby British Columbia from taking over the territory, and to bolster its struggling finances.

• How much is this land worth today? The state encompasses some 586,412 square miles, or more than 375 million acres. Even at a cost of just $100 per acre, that would equate to more than $37 billion. Moreover, as of August 2012, the region also produces some 426,834 BOE/D of oil and natural gas worth billions in revenues each year. Alaska is one of the few states with no income tax.

• When did Alaska get statehood?

  • 1959

expansion - hawaii

What Kind of Government did the Kingdom of Hawaii have before it “joined” the U.S.?

It was an independent constitutional monarchy.

Early US History in Hawaii/Why was Hawaii so valuable to the US?

• Since 1790 American Merchants used it as stop over for trading trips to India and China

• U.S. Missionaries had been setting up Christian Schools and converting natives since the 1820s 

• Many Americans (and descendants of these missionaries) became sugar plantation owners on the Island

• Pearl Harbor- the Islands best port was an important refueling station for American Merchant Ships

The Bayonet Constitution 1887

• King Kalakaua forced to sign this constitution

• Only allowed literate people to vote

• Put income and property restrictions on voting:

  • Property requirement for voting

  • Moved power from the crown to the legislative branch

• Who will this give power to? Who will this disenfranchise?

  • Disenfranchising the native Hawaiian people and putting all the power in the white plantation owners

• Why do you think it was called the Bayonet Constitution 

  • The hawaiians were forced to sign this constitution (essentially at gunpoint)

  • White plantation owner forced the hawaiians to sign this constitution

Queen Liliuokalani

• Assumed the throne in 1891 after the death of her Brother

• “Hawaii for Hawaiians”

  • Whole reign is based on this campaign

  • Restore voting right of native hawaiians

  • Empower the native hawaiians and give them back their culture

  • Renaissance woman (singer, poet. etc.)

  • Stop the rule of the white planter class

  • Wanted to remove voting restrictions

The White Planters and Tariffs

• 1875-1890 – no Tariffs on Hawaiian Sugar

• 1890- The McKinley Tariff Bill made Hawaiian Sugar planters pay a Tariff

  • This angered the planters and they wanted annexation so they could avoid paying the tariff

• How do the White Planters respond to the Queens Agenda?

  • Wants to be a part of the us 

  • Goods coming from one side of the country to the other 

  • Push the us government to annex Hawaii

  • Annex - make a part of the country 

    • Don't want to pay tax on sugar

Queen Liliuokalani Overthrown (1893)

• Americans lead by US Ambassador  Stevens overthrow the Queen with the help of American Marines (acting without Gov. approval)

• The queen is forced to abdicate her throne

• They establish the Republic of Hawaii 

  • Completely run by the whites and overseen by Stevens

• They try to become annexed by the United States

American Gov. Response

• How does the American Government respond?

  • We will not annex hawaii 

• Grover Cleaveland at first orders the restoration of the Queen, but has no successes

• Then he says he will not annex Hawaii until a MAJORITY of Hawaiians support it

• When William McKinley is elected he approves of annexation, and in 1898 America annexes Hawaii, is necessary as a naval station for war in the Philippines

When Does Hawaii Become a State?

• 1959

  • In 1993, President Clinton apologizes for 1803 overthrow of Hawaiian monarchy

Spanish American War Overview

• War between Spain and America fought in the Philippines and Cuba 

• War was in 1898(April 25 – August 12 1898)

• Lasted 3 months 2 Weeks and 4 Days

• This is the beginning of the “American Empire” , America will gain overseas territories in the Pacific and Caribbean

Spanish Colonies at the end of the 19th Century (Subheading

Spanish American War Origins

A.) Imperialist Desire of the United States Government

• Without knowing any of the events leading up to the Spanish-American War, what might be a reason America would covet Spanish Holdings. Connect back to the reasons for US Imperialism

• James Monroe: he was famous for the foreign policy Monroe Doctrine. This doctrine was a foreign policy statement that said european powers should say out the northern hemisphere (north and south america)

B.) The Cuban war for independence

Cuba in the 19th Century

• Spanish Colony

• Since 1868 Cubans have revolted against the Spanish Empire for self-rule

• 1868-1878 10 Years War

• They couldn't deal and sell their own produce, they gave to spain and then spain would put in on the world market- not fair

Cuba Libre

How do you think Spain will respond to this insurrection?

• War for independence started anew on Feb 24, 1895

• The Cuba Libre movement was lead by Jose Marti

•  The troops crossed the Atlantic to get rid of this insurrection (THOUSANDS OF TROOPS)

• There wasn't a cuban army just farmers at night getting their guns and fighting again the Spanish

Valeriano Weyler

• Spanish General in charge of ending Cuba Libre Movement

• Used terrorist tactics like public executions and crop burning to dissuade Cubans from rebelling

• To stop Cuban farmers from rebelling he forced thousands of them into towns and forts guarded by the  Spanish Military

• 200,000 died in these camps from starvation and disease

• Placed Cuba under martial law

U.S. Reaction to the Crisis in Cuba

U.S. Reaction

• “We know that they have formed a government; that they have held two elections…They have risen against oppression, compared to which the oppression which led us to rebel against England is a dust in the balance…No useful end is being served by the bloody struggle that is now in progress in Cuba, and in the name of humanity it should be stopped…The responsibility is on us; we cannot escape it.  We should…put a stop to that war which is now raging in Cuba and give to that island once more peace, liberty, and independence.”

• - Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, February 20, 1896

  •  He is saying:C. US has responsibility to help Cuba -- we both rose up against colonial pressure/opression 

  • Yes we have a shared history of rising up against imperialism -- but their situation is way worse 

U.S. Interests in Cuba

• U.S. Business had significant investments in Cuba 

• 95 percent of all Cuban sugar exports went to the US

C.) USS MAINE

Mckinley 

• President during the Cuban War for Independence

• Tried to stay neutral, as civil war veterans did not want another war

• “I have been through one war. I have seen the dead piled up, and I do not want to see another”

USS Maine

USS Maine Explosion

Battle ship sent to Havana, Cuba to protect U.S. lives and properties in January 1898

On February 15, 1898, while docked in Havana the Maine exploded killing 260 sailors aboard

D.) YELLOW JOURNALISM

Is another term for sensational reporting

U.S. Declares War on Spain

• McKingley and Congress formally declare war on April 25, 1898 

• Congress also passes the Teller Amendment to their declaration of war

  • Teller Amendment said that this is not a war of conquest and Cuba we promise them their sovereignty after the end of the war

  • They are fighting this war for the liberation of the Cubans

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR PART II

“The Splendid Little War”

• Spanish America War Lasted 3 Months, 2 Weeks, and 4 Days 

• Only 15 Weeks of actual fighting

• April 25 1898- August 12 1898

• 385 American Battle Deaths

Theater of War - the entire land, sea, and air area that is or may become involved directly in war

• Caribbean where US navy and army forces invade Cuba and Puerto Rico

• Philippines which was another spanish country 

• We attacked the philippines first 

• Fighting is different because is was a naval vs land battle

***Emilio Aguinaldo***

• Filipino leader who fought for independence but banished from the islands by Spain in 1896

• Who is he similar to in Cuba?

  • Jose Mairti

• Brought back by Dewey in 1898 to rally Filipino troops to fight the Spanish alongside the United States

• What do you think Emilio Aguinaldo and his troops are expecting at the end of the war?

  • Sovereignty and independence

Land Battles in the Philippines

• Dewey’s success allows U.S Troops to land in Philippines

• U.S. troops work with Filipino rebels who are fighting for independence from Spain

• Leader of Filipino rebels is Emilio Aguinaldo

Fighting in the Philippines

In August 1898 Spanish troops in Manila (largest island in the Phillipines surrender to United States forces

Fighting in the Caribbean - Happening at the same TIME as fighting in the Philippines

Blockade of Santiago de Cuba Harbor

E.) THE AFTERMATH: TREATY OF PARIS

Negotiating the Treaty

• What should become of Spain’s Colonies?

• Should they become Independent? Should they be annexed by the United States?

• Essentially should America become an Imperialist Nation?

  • Should America be the great power? (Imperialism)

  • Or should America respect the sovereignty of Cuba, Cuam, Philippines and Puerto Rico (anti-imperialist)

• What may be some of the views of some Americans at the time? For and Against?

The Treaty of Paris

• December 10, 1898

• Ended Spanish American War

• Spain gives up control of Cuba

• Spain gives Puerto Rico and the Island of Guam to the United States

• U.S. buys Philippines from Spain for $20 Million

• Marks the beginning of the U.S. as a World Power

Cuba After the Treaty of Paris

• Cuba as promised in the teller amendment- we are going to Cuba their independence

• Did they happen? No

IS CUBA REALLY “FREE” AFTER TREATY OF PARIS

A.) Cuba would make not treaties with a foreign power  that would limit its independence

B.) Cuba would not allow any foreign power to acquire Cuban territory 

C.) Cuba should not contract debts (borrow money) whose interests could not be met with current revenues

D.) Cuba should allow the U.S. to intervene militarily when necessary “for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty

• Because of this, Cuba became a protectorate of the U.S.

  • Protectorate - a state that is controlled and protected by another

  • Cuba got semi-sovereignty (limited their sovereignty)

Philippines after the treaty of paris

What happened to the Philippines?

1898-1899: Filipino and U.S. Forces defeat the Spanish

• After the war Emilio Aguinaldo set up a provisional government and declared himself president of the New Independent Philippine Republic

• The U.S. after buying Philippines from Spain then tried to assert its authority over the new government

• Emilo Aguinaldo and other Filipinos rebelled against America like they did Spain

The Philippine-American War

• 1899-1902

• 20,000 Filipino soldiers died and 4,000 Americans died in fighting 

• As many as 200,000 Filipino citizens died from violence, famine, or disease

• Cost the U.S. 400 Million

• Americans are able to suppress the Filipino rebellion after 3 years of fighting

• Any Irony in this war?

Philippines after the war

The U.S. President would appoint a Governor of the Philippines

first governor of the Philippines was Taft

The Governor would appoint the upper house of the Filipino Legislature, and the Filipinos would elect the lower house

They gradually moved toward independence over the years until becoming an independent nation on July 4, 1946

Puerto Rico After the Treaty of Paris

The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1898, ending the Spanish-American War and giving Puerto Rico to the United States. After the treaty, Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory and its residents were granted U.S. citizenship in 1917. However, Puerto Ricans cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections.

Puerto Rico

• Million came (mostly) willingly under U.S. rule 

• Foraker Act- Organized Puerto Rican Government:

• A.) U.S. President would appoint a Governor, and a council (had to included 5 native Puerto Ricans)

• B.) Puerto-Ricans would elect their lower house of the legislature, and the President would  appoint the upper house of the legislature

Puerto Rico 1917

• Puerto Ricans are granted U.S. citizenship in 1917

• They move to a full democracy over time, where they can elect their own government official

  • They are allowed to elect both houses of their legislature

• Puerto Rico is still a US territory today

What territory did the U.S. also receive as part of the Treaty of Paris?

GUAM