Neurons, Glial Cells, and Neural Transmission

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7 Terms

1
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anatomy of neurons

receive external stimulation through dendrites —> neuron generates electrical impulse —> impulse travels down axon to terminal buttons —> terminal buttons release neurotransmitters into synapse

2
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glial cells

specialized nonneural cells that support neurons; most important function is as myelin sheath

3
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differences between dendrites and axons

dendrites: unmyelinated and regenerative; receptors

axons: usually myelinated and nonregenerative; connect neurons to one another

4
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electrical conduction at axon

  1. resting potential

  2. depolarization (all-or-nothing; actual firing of the neuron)

  3. action potential spike (absolute refractory period begins)

  4. hyperpolarization (relative refractory period begins)

5
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electrical conduction at dendrite

graded potentials (intensity proportional to external stimulation)

  • excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs): increase likelihood of action potential

  • inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs): decrease likelihood of action potential

6
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electrical conduction at terminal buttons

chemical transmission begins; action potential releases neurotransmitters into synapse

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saltatory conduction

efficient conduction along myelinated axon