Emotional and Social Development

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to emotional and social development throughout the early years, attachment styles, moral reasoning, and the impact of parenting on children's self-esteem and social skills.

At what age do infants typically begin to show social smiles as a response to their parents?

Around 6-10 weeks.

What emotional response do infants start to exhibit at around 3-4 months?

Laughter, typically occurring in response to active stimuli and games.

How does fear in infants change during the first year?

Fear rises in the second half of the first year, influenced by temperament and experiences.

What behavior signifies that infants are able to recognize others' emotions by 4-6 months?

Increased interest when facial expressions change.

At what age do infants begin to engage in social referencing?

Around 8-10 months.

What are some emotional regulation strategies infants can develop by age 2-6 years?

Turning away or putting hands over ears.

What are the four attachment styles identified by Mary Ainsworth?

Secure, Resistant, Avoidant, and Disorganized.

What does Bowlby’s ethological explanation of attachment include?

Developing attachment through several phases, starting with preattachment.

What is the 'Internal working model' in attachment theory?

A set of expectations about the availability and support from attachment figures.

What is the significance of parenting style on a child's self-esteem, especially in middle childhood?

Sensitive and authoritative parenting leads to higher levels of self-esteem.

What is the marshmallow experiment in relation to self-control?

A study assessing children's ability to delay gratification for better outcomes.

How does empathy develop in children according to age?

Children under 1.5 years are egocentric; empathy increases with age and exposure to caring behaviors.

What differentiates moral realism from moral relativism in Piaget’s cognitive view?

Moral realism sees rules as fixed, while moral relativism understands rules as flexible and socially agreed upon.

What are the three types of rules that children learn according to the Social Domain View?

Moral rules, social conventions, and personal sphere rules.

In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, what is the preconventional level characterized by?

Morality based on external consequences like rewards and punishments.

What are the five stages in the postconventional level of moral development according to Kohlberg?

Social contract and Universal ethical principles.

How does gender development differ between boys and girls in terms of traits?

Boys exhibit instrumental traits (competence), while girls display expressive traits (warmth and sensitivity).

What role does modeling play in the cognitive developmental view of gender identity?

Children observe and imitate behaviors deemed appropriate for their gender.

What is the relationship between parenting styles and children’s moral reasoning?

Authoritative parenting leads to higher levels of moral reasoning in children.

What factors contribute to effective schooling according to the notes?

Safe and nurturing school climate, emphasis on academic excellence, and parental involvement.