an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it.
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Leaf mosaic
the arrangement of foliage in most plants (as in the common ivy) in such a pattern as to expose the maximum number of leaves to the direct rays of the sun with little loss of intervening space.
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Stomata
________ is deeper in the leave → preventing dehydration.
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How did plants adapt to frequent trampling?
they grow from the bottom, leaf position = vertical, have dense and shallow root systems
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Concentration of salt cells concentration of salt soil → plant
________ can absorb H2O.
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herbs growth
Forest ________ is in spring → almost no competition → summer → dense foliage → stops sunlight → after seed forming → the plant dies above ground →made enough nutrients during spring → stored in rhizomes.
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Grasses
________= fast growers →take away light herbaceous plants → development of rosette=
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stem succulent example
a cactus
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leave succulent example
Aloe Vera
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example
samphire = a salt-tolerant succulent
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example
mangrove
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example
Venus fly trap (= VFT)
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example
plantoga major, daisy
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to lessen competition → plants grow in other direction → depends on place example
oak
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example
orchids
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To what are succulents adjusted?
drought
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To what are halophytes adjusted?
high salinity
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To what are carnivorous plants adjusted?
poor soil
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How are leaf succulents adjusted?
They have a thick wax layer, less stomata + stomata are deeper in the leaf
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How are stem succulents adjusted?
The stem can store H2O, leaves = needles, thick wax layer, deep and well-branced roots, white hairs
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In what ways can halophytes survive high salinity?
1. concentration of salt plant cells >>> concentration of salt soil 2. salt glands on leaves
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What is the purpose of the white hairs?
They reflect sunlight, retain an air layer as isolation, retain dew and raindrops -> roots can absorb it
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osmosis
the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell's partially permeable membrane. Until the concentration is equal on both sides
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How are plants adjusted to light comptetition?
growth speed (=stopping fast growers for example development of the rosette), growth period, growth direction crown, leaf mosaic
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How does a tree grow in an open field?
wide, branched, symmetrical
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How does a tree grow in a forest?
grows in height, less side branches
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How does a tree grow at the forest edge?
asymmetrical, to the edge of the forest
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Why do carnivorous plants digest insects?
To get their nutrients since they can't fixate enough nitrogen and can't assimilate protein compounds
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