CogPysch Neurotransmitters Flashcards

Amino acids (4)

Glutamate

Aspartate

Glycine

GABA (y-aminobutyric acid)

What is GABA derived from?

Glutamate

What are monoamines derived from?

Amino acids

What are catecholamines synthesized from?

Tyrosine

What are examples of catecholamines?

Dopamine

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

What is an example of an in dopamine?

Serotonin

What is serotonin synthesized from?

Trytpothine

What is an acetylcholine?

A choline molecule that has been acetylated

What are acetylcholines important for?

Muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction

What are examples of small molecules?

Nitric oxide

Carbon monoxide

What are two traits of small molecules?

Small

Nonpolar

What type of transmission are small molecules involved in?

Retrograde transmission

What type of transmitters are endocannabinoids?

Retrograde

What type of chains are neuropeptides?

Large polypeptide chains

The function of a neuropeptide depends on its ________.

Amino acids sequence

What are the types of neuropeptides?

Pituitary peptides

Hypothalamic peptides

Brain-gut peptides

Opioid peptides

Miscellaneous

Excitation of a neuron results in ____.

Depolarization of the post synaptic neuron

What is an example of an excitatory neurotransmitter?

Glutamate

What does an inhibitory neurotransmitter result in?

Hyperpolarization of the neuron

What are examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

Glycine

GABA

In skeletal muscles, acetylcholine is ______, while in cardiac muscle, it is ______.

Excitatory, inhibitory

In direct action, a neurotransmitter binds to an _____________.

Ionitropic receptor

What are examples of direct-action neurotransmitters?

Acetylcholine and amino acid neurotransmitters

In indirect action, action is promoted through ___________ like G proteins.

Second messenger molecules

Indirect action is mediated by _________. This is similar to how hormones work.

Metabotropic receptors.

What are examples of indirect-action molecules?

Monoamines, neuropeptides, small gas molecules

When neurotransmitters act as chemical messengers, they are called _______.

Neuromodulators