fertility, mortality, migration

Crude birth rate

Number of live births per year per thousand people

Crude death rate

Number of deaths per year per thousand people

Natural increase and decrease in fertility and mortality do not consider

Migration

Natural increase

Crude birth rate is higher than crude death rate

Natural decrease

Crude death rate is higher than crude birth rate

Total fertility rate

Average number of children born to those who can bear children that are within childbearing age/15 to 49 years old

What impacts fertility rates?

Access to healthcare, access to birth control, social norms, education/careers, concerns about the economy, government policies

Old age dependency ratio

65+/15 to 64

Child dependency ratio

Under 15/15 to 64

The notion of overpopulation is associated with

Thomas Malthus in the late 1700 and early 1800

Thomas Malthus argued

Population grows faster than the resources needed to sustain them

The Malthusian theory is used to support

Population control measures

Infant mortality rate

Probability of child, dying before reaching the age of one year

Child, mortality rate

Probability of child dying before reaching the age of five years

Infant and child mortality reflect the

Overall health of a society

Life expectancy

Average number of years a person is expected to live

Who has the highest life expectancy in the world?

Japan

Who has some of the lowest life expectancy?

Countries in central Africa

Blank commonly have greater life expectancy than blank

Women, men

Mortality is also impacted by

Infectious and chronic disease

Infectious disease

Malaria, HIV/AIDS, Covid

Chronic disease

Heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes

Demographic transition model

There are trends we have seen in population growth overtime

Stage one of demographic transition

Low growth

Initial phase of uncertainty – hyper rates, high death rates

Stage two of demographic transition

High growth – hyper rate, rapidly declining, death rates, very high, RNI

Came after improvement in sanitation food, healthcare agriculture during industrial revolution

Stage three of demographic transition

Moderate growth – rapidly, declining birth rates, declining, death rates, low, natural, increase rate

Came with new opportunities for women, lower infant child mortality rates

Stage four of demographic transition

Low growth – low birth rates, low death rates, stable or slowly increasing RN

Came with increased access to contraceptives

Stage five of demographic transition

Negative growth – some demographers predict that the world will reach zero population growth within 50 years

Would result in a stationary population level

Mobility

The ability to move from one place to another

Migration

Purposeful movement from a home location to a new place, but a degree of permanent or intent to stay in the new place

Migration is a major source

Relocation diffusion

Relocation diffusion

Spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth by the act of people moving and taking the idea or innovation with them

Immigration

Moving to a particular place

Emmigration

Moving from a particular place

Net migration

Difference between immigration and emigration

Voluntary migration

Temporary labor migration – economic strategy

Example includes guest workers and seasonal farm workers

Voluntary migration – amenity migration

Move for cultural, environmental or social benefits

Example, examples include retirees, remote, tech worker, moving for a school district

Involuntary migration – forced migration

Violence were corruption, famine, environmental disaster

Can be internal or international

Pull factors

Things that attract you to a place

Jobs, environmental amenities, politics, culture, affordability, family

Push factors

Events or conditions that encourage an individual to move away from a location

Current living conditions, war, religious or political persecution, extreme economic distress, environmental conditions

Internally, displaced persons

People who must leave their homes, but remain in their own countries

Refugees

Migrants, fleeing political persecution, and violence in their home country