Medical Terminology, Genetics, and Inheritance

Flashcards based on lecture notes about medical terminology, levels of organization, cells and genetics, genes and heredity, inheritance, and inheritance pathology.

What will you explore in Unit 3?

The basics of medical terminology, including term structure and components.

What do you gain by understanding the rules for building medical terms?

Skills to analyze and interpret various medical words effectively.

What topics are covered in Unit 3?

Levels of Organization, Cells and Genetics, Genes and Heredity, Inheritance, and Inheritance Pathology

Why is it important to understand the basics of how the body is organized?

To study the structure and function of the body.

How many levels of organization are there?

Five

How do the levels of organization relate to each other?

Each level is of increasing complexity and builds on the previous level.

Explain the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, systems, and an organism.

Groups of cells are tissues, groups of tissues are organs, groups of organs are systems, and groups of systems are an organism.

What is the term for the smallest living units of structure and function?

Cells (cyt/o)

Approximately how many different types of cells do human beings contain?

About 200

What are the two most important parts to remember when looking at the structure of a cell?

Cell membrane and nucleus

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

Surrounds and protects the cell, and regulates what passes into and out of the cell.

What is the nucleus referred to as?

The "brains" of the cell

What are the functions of the nucleus?

Controls the operations of the cell, directs cell division, and determines the structure and function of the cell.

What is a tissue (hist/o)?

A group of cells with similar structure and function.

What are epithelial tissues?

Linings and outer surfaces.

What is an example of epithelial tissue?

The surface of your skin.

What do muscle tissues do?

Contract to provide movement.

What are the two types of muscle contractions?

Voluntary or involuntary

What is an example of voluntary muscle contraction?

Movement of your arms and legs.

What is an example of involuntary muscle contraction?

Your heartbeat.

What do connective tissues do?

Joins other tissues together.

What are examples of connective tissue?

Cartilage and adipose (fat).

What do nerve tissues do?

Conduct impulses.

Where is nerve tissue located?

Throughout your body.

What will you explore in this lesson?

The five levels of organization in the body, and the mechanics of genetics and inheritance.

What specific biological factors will you examine in this lesson?

DNA, chromosomes, and both dominant and recessive genes.

What is the lesson writer's opinion on genetics and inheritance?

Can be fascinating.

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Where is DNA located?

Contained within the nucleus of the cell and is separated into strands called chromosomes.

How many chromosomes do most cells of the body have?

46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs.

How many chromosomes do sex cells (gametes) have?

23 chromosomes.

How do our normal cells get two copies of each strand of DNA?

Each parent via single set of 23 chromosomes copied from their DNA.

What is the term for the reason variation is seen in human characteristics?

Inheritance.

What is a karyotype?

A picture of an individual's chromosomes.

Why is a karyotype arranged in a specific way?

To quickly identify chromosomal alterations that may result in a genetic disorder.

What guides scientists when arranging chromosomes in a karyotype?

Size, banding pattern, and centromere position.

How many chromosomes result from the genetic combination of gametes from each parent?

46 chromosomes in total.

What is the difference between dominant and recessive traits?

Dominant traits require only one copy of the gene to be expressed, while recessive traits require two copies.

What are carriers of recessive genes?

Carriers of recessive genes have a copy of the gene but do not display the associated trait.

What are some examples of dominant traits?

Brown eyes, detached earlobes, freckles, and being right-handed.

What are some examples of recessive traits?

Colour blindness, blue eyes, and blonde hair.

What is a gene?

A region on a strand of DNA that regulates one particular aspect of the cell's activities.

How are traits inherited?

Each parent gives one copy of every gene.

How many genes does the human genetic code include?

More than 20,000 genes.

Why are genes important

They biologically define who we are.

Of what are genes made?

Genes are made of DNA and encode proteins that direct various bodily processes.

What are the four main functions of genes?

1. Building body structures like muscles and bones; 2. Directing body functions such as muscle flexing or hair growth; 3. Supporting bodily functions indirectly like aiding the immune system; 4. Influencing physical traits such as hair colour, eye colour, and skin tone.

How many genes are in the human body?

20,000 to 30,000 genes.

What is the current focus of gene research?

Research continues to explore how genes work individually and together to control both internal operations and our physical appearance.

What happens if an individual inherits a faulty gene, or if there is a problem within the chromosomes?

A genetic abnormality or disease may result.

What are some examples of chromosome or genetic problems?

Mutations, deletions, missing or extra chromosomes, and so on.

What are some examples of genetic disorders?

Sickle cell anemia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (which affects males), and cystic fibrosis.

What genetic disorder results from an extra chromosome on 21?

Down syndrome, aka trisomy 21.

How is the risk of Down syndrome related to maternal age?

The older the mother is during her pregnancy, the more the risk increases of her giving birth to a baby with this type of genetic disorder.

Muscle

Contracts to provide movement

Connective

Joins other tissues together

Nerve

Conducts impulses

What are the strands that DNA is separated into called?

Chromosomes

How many chromosomes are in each gamete?

23

What does the basics of medical terminology include?

How terms are structured and the components that form them.

How do you gain the skills to analyze and interpret various medical words effectively?

By understanding the rules for building medical terms.

What are the following: Levels of Organization, Cells and Genetics, Genes and Heredity, Inheritance, and Inheritance Pathology?

The topics covered in Unit 3

How many level are in the levels of organization ?

Five

How do the levels of organization relate to each other ?

Each level is of increasing complexity and builds on the previous level.

Simple way to explain the levels of organization

groups of cells are tissues, groups of tissues are organs, groups of organs are systems, and lastly, groups of systems are an organism

What is the Cellular level?

Cells (cyt/o)

What are the smallest living units of structure and function?

Cells

How many different types of cells fo human beings contain?

Human beings contain about 200 different types of cells

When looking at the structure of a cell, what are the two most important parts to remember?

Cell membrane and the nucleus

What does the cell membrane do ?

Not only surrounds and protects the cell, it also regulates what passes into and out of the cell.

What does the nucleus do?

controls the operations of the cell, directs cell division, and determines the structure and function of the cell

What is a Tissue level?

A group of cells with similar structure and function

What are Epithelial tissues?

Linings and outer surfaces

Muscle

Muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary

Connective tissue

Joins other tissues together

What are examples of Connective tissue?

Includes cartilage and adipose (fat)

What do Nerves do?

conduct impulses

Where is Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) located?

contained within the nucleus of the cell and is separated into strands called chromosomes

How much chromosomes do most cells of the body have?

Most cells of the body have 46 chromosomes which are arranged into 23 pairs

What are Sex cells or gametes?

Sex cells, or gametes, have 23 chromosomes

How are normal cells able to have two copies of each strand?

Because the gametes provided by our parents each contribute a single set of 23 chromosomes copied from their DNA.

If there is an error on the strand from one parent, what happens?

The strand from the other parent is often fine.

What is it called the reason for the variation seen in human characteristics?

Inheritance

What does a karyotype is a picture of?

An individual's chromosomes

What do Two chromosomes specify?

XX for female and XY for male

How does this arrangement help scientists?

Helps scientists quickly identify chromosomal alterations that may result in a genetic disorder

How do scientists take a picture of the chromosome from one cell, cut them out, and arrange them?

Using size, banding pattern, and centromere position as guides

What are Gametes ?

Reproductive cells, contain one set of 23 chromosomes from each parent, resulting in 46 chromosomes in total

How many traits do Dominant and recessive genes require?

dominant traits require only one copy of the gene to be expressed, while recessive traits require two copies

Carriers of recessive genes

Carriers of recessive genes, who have a copy of the gene but do not display the associated trait

What are examples of Dominant traits?

Dominant traits, brown eyes, detached earlobes, freckles, and being right-handed

What are examples of Recessive traits

Recessive traits, color blindness, blue eyes, and blonde hair

What does a region on a strand of DNA that regulates?

Regulates one particular aspect of the cell's activities

How are traits inherited?

One copy of every gene is given by each parent

How many genes in the human genetic code?

More than 20,000 genes

Genes

genes, found in every cell of our body, are housed in the chromosomes inside the cell nucleus

Made of

Genes are made of DNA and encode proteins that direct various bodily processes

Function of building

Building body structures like muscles and bones?

function of direct

Directing body functions such as muscle flexing or hair growth

function to support

Supporting bodily functions indirectly like aiding the immune system