Psych test 1

Addiction

continued use of substances despite adverse consequences

Abuse

use for purposes of intoxication or beyond intended use

Withdrawal

symptoms occurring when substance no longer used

Tolerance

a gradual decrease in the action of a drug at a given dose in the blood

Alcohol

CNS depressant: mild sedation, coma, respiratory failure, death

Wernicke encephalopathy

a degenerative brain disorder caused by thiamine deficiency. Characterized by vision impairment, ataxia, hypotension, confusion, and coma

Korsakoff’s amnestic syndrome

a problem associated with alcoholism and is associated with impairment of understanding new information and retrieving memories

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

a memory disorder that results from a thiamine deficiency. Early symptoms can be reversed but if not, prognosis is poor

Disulfiram

a medication that is used as a deterrent from drinking as it produces episodes of severe nausea and vomiting if alcohol is injested.

Naltrexone

a medication used for treatment of alcohol and heroin abuse. reduces the craving for alcohol

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome - Stage 1

increased HR, temperature, and slightly elevated BP. Slight diaphoresis, impaired appetite, hand tremors

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome - Stage 2

high HR, BP, and temp. obvious diaphoresis, intermittent confusion, some visual and auditory hallucinations, painful anxiety and restlessness, tremors

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome - Stage 3

Very high HR, BP, and temp. marked diaphoresis, disorientation/confusion, disturbing visual and auditory hallucinations, agitation, panic states, uncontrollable tremors, convulsions are common

Cocaine class

CNS stimulant - increases dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

Cocaine effect

sudden burst of mental alertness and energy, feelings of self-confidence and being in control, sociability

Withdrawal of cocaine

Severe anxiety, restlessness, and agitation

long term use of cocaine

leads to depletion of norepinephrine leading to “crash” and sleeping 12 to 18 hours

Amphetamine

block reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine

Methamphetamine

release of excess dopamine, highly addictive, used in a binge and crash pattern

MDMA (ecstasy)

increased serotonin and excess dopamine release cause hallucinations, confusion, and sleep problems

possible malignant hyperthermia

Nicotine

stimulation nervous systems to increase alertness, concentration, attention, and appetite suppression

Nicotine withdrawal

mood changes, difficulty sleeping, h/a, increased appetitie

Nicotine replacement therapy

used for withdrawal. Can use transdermal patches, nicotine gum, nasal spray, and inhalers

Why do you withdrawal from nicotine earlier?

it has a shorter half life

Caffeine

stimulates cerebral cortex, increase mental acuity

Caffeine intoxication

nervousness, excitement, flushed face, diuresis, rambling flow of thought and speech, tachycardia

Caffeine withdrawal

h/a, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, craving

Cannabis (Marijuana)

binds with opioid receptors in the brain to block dopamine reuptake. Has a slow release because it is stored for weeks in fat tissue and int he brain

Cannabis (Marijuana) side effects

impaired ability to form memories, recall events, and shift attention from one thing to another

Hallucinogens effects

euphoria, altered body imagine, distorted visual and auditory perception, confusion

Hallucinogens severe reaction

paranoia, fear of losing one’s mind, depersonalization, delusions

Hallucinogens examples

Mushrooms, LSD, mescaline

Opioid examples

oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, fentanyl, heroin

Opioid withdrawal syndrome

rebound hyperexcitability

Opioid reversal agent

Naloxone (Narcan)

maintenance for opioid treatment

methadone therapy

Inhalants

CNS depressants

Inhalants effects

euphoria, sedation, emotional lability, and=4\`1impaired judgement

Inhalants intoxication

respiratory depression, stupor, and coma

Using inhalants puts users at risk for

sudden sniffing death

Steroids

cause increase irritability, aggression, euphoria, sexual arousal, mood swings

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

used as a deterrent by causing severe nausea and vomiting if alcohol is consumed

Naltrexone

helps to reduce cravings for alcohol and heroin

Methadone

satisfies the craving of opioids but does not give the high of heroin

Bupropion

an anti depressant shown to help people stop smoking

Clonidine

a blood pressure med used in detox that helps with opioid withdrawal, specifically bone pain