intro to patho

Diagnosis

________:: Identification of disease /condition by evaluating manifestations, health history, lab tests and procedures.

Endoscopy

________:: Endo= in; internal visual techniques usually into stomach, airways, rectum, colon, etc.

Cellular adaptation

________:: Process of cell changing (i.e use different genes or proteins) to maintain function under stress; cells attempt to compensate.

Etiology

________:: All factors involved in development of a disease (cause)

Epidemiology

________:: Study of factors related to disease (age, genetics, smoking, diet)

Urinalysis

________:: Check urine for normal levels of components.

Apoptosis

________:: Cell suicide; knows the stress is too much, kills itself before reaching necrosis.

Pathophysiology

________:: Physiology of altered health; deals with cellular changes that occur with disease and the effect these changes have on total body function; Mechanisms of disease.

Iatrogenic

________:: Cause is a result of a medical treatment.

Disease

________:: What is going wrong; related to cause and impact on body.

Symptoms

________:: Subjective perceptions, how patient feels.

Prodromal period

________:: Experiencing mild manifestations not specifically related to the disease (commonly fatigue)

pathophysiology

Physiology of altered health; deals with cellular changes that occur with disease and the effect these changes have on total body function; Mechanisms of disease

etiology

All factors involved in development of a disease (cause)

Idiopathic

Cause unknown

Iatrogenic

Cause is a result of a medical treatment

Manifestations

Characteristic consequences of disease process (clinical manifestations = signs and symptoms); How disease presents/manifests

Signs

Objective perceptions, can be measured

Symptoms

Subjective perceptions, how patient feels

Sequelae

Manifestations that result from another injury or disease

Diagnosis

Identification of disease/condition by evaluating manifestations, health history, lab tests and procedures

X-Ray

Imaging of denser tissues

CT scan

Imaging of softer tissues

Endoscopy

Endo = in; internal visual techniques usually into stomach, airways, rectum, colon, etc

Hematology

Blood tests

Urinalysis

Check urine for normal levels of components

Cultures

Done on any body fluids, can grow pathogens to identify them

Histology

Observe cells under microscope

Secondary treatment

Detect disease as early as possible to begin treatment (asymptomatic)

Tertiary treatment

Reduce complications of disease; treatment (symptomatic)

Disease

What is going wrong; related to cause and impact on body

Acute onset

Rapid onset

Chronic onset

Slow and progressive onset

Prodromal period

Experiencing mild manifestations not specifically related to the disease (commonly fatigue)

Latent period

Exposed to disease/developing it but currently asymptomatic

Risk factors

Factors that increase risk of developing a disease

Pathogenesis

How disease progresses through body over time (i.e local to systemic)

Epidemiology

Study of factors related to disease (age, genetics, smoking, diet)

Syndrome

Manifestations associated w/ specific diseases (Down syndrome and the extra x chromosome)

Epidemic

Incr. in disease cases in specific region over specific time

Incidence

number of new cases over specific time (i.e in the last year)

Prevalence

number of cases (all cases)

Pluripotent STEM cell

Rapidly dividing cell, differentiates into different mature cell types w/ specific jobs

Cellular adaptation

Process of cell changing (i.e use different genes or proteins) to maintain function under stress; cells attempt to compensate

Cell injury

Stress too great or too quick resulting in cell that has changed to survive and partially function (injured)

Apoptosis

Cell suicide; knows the stress is too much, kills itself before reaching necrosis

Physiologic

Expected result of cell change; wanted this

Pathologic

Abnormal, detrimental, didnt want this change

An example of disuse atrophy?

having a cast on, being on bed rest

example of ischemic atrophy?

ateriosclerosis

example of pressure atrophy?

tumour exerting pressure on nearby tissue, hydrocephalus caused by blockage preventing flow of CSF

example of endocrine atrophy

atrophied uterus after menopause due to decr. hormonal stimulation or thyroid atrophy due to decr. amount of TSH

example of hypertrophy?

physiologic example = incr. muscle from exercise; pathologic = myocardial hypertrophy due to incr. bp

example of physiologic hyperplasia

compensatory = liver tissue regenerating or callus forming; hormonal = growth of endometrial lining during menstrual cycle

example of pathologic hyperplasia

from abnormal endocrine stim. = goiter due to incr. TSH; idiopthic = benign prostatic hyperplasia

example of metaplasia

Barrett's esophagus from GERD (normal squamous cells replaced by columnar cells like from stomach or colon)