Hydration, Water Balance, and the Urinary Sys

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27 Terms

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osmoregulation

regulation of the water-salt balance to maintain a normal balance within internal fluids

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excretion

elimination of metabolic wastes by an organism at exchange boundaries such as the plasma membrane of single-celled organisms and excretory tubules of multicellular animals

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ammonia

nitrogenous end product that takes a limited amount of energy to produce but requires much water to excrete because it is toxic

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urea

main nitrogenous waste of terrestrial amphibians and most mammals

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uric acid

main nitrogenous waste of insects, reptiles, and birds

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urine

liquid waste product made by the nephrons of the vertebrate kidney through the processes of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

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kidneys

paired organs of the vertebrate urinary system that regulate the chemical composition of the blood and produce a waste product called urine

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ureters

tubular structure conducting urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

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urinary bladder

organ where urine is stored

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urethra

tubular structure that receives urine from the bladder and carries it to the outside of the body

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nephrons

microscopic kidney unit that regulates blood composition by glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

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glomerular capsule

cuplike structure that is the initial portion of a nephron

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proximal convoluted tubule

portion of a nephron, following the glomerular capsule, where tubular reabsorption of filtrate occurs

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loop of the nephron

portion of a nephron between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules; functions in water reabsorption; also called the loop of Henle

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distal convoluted tubule

final portion of a nephron that joins with a collecting duct; associated with tubular secretion

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collecting duct

duct within the kidney that receives fluid from several nephrons; the reabsorption of water occurs here

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glomerulus

capillary network within the glomerular capsule of a nephron

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glomerular filtration

movement of small molecules from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule due to the action of blood pressure

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tubular reabsorption

movement of primarily nutrient molecules and water from the contents of the nephron into blood at the proximal convoluted tubule

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tubular secretion

movement of certain molecules from blood into the distal convoluted tubule of a nephron, so that they are added to urine

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erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone produced by the kidneys that speeds red blood cell formation

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aquaporins

channel protein through which water can diffuse across a membrane

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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that increases the permeability of the collecting ducts in a kidney

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renin

enzyme released by the kidneys that leads to the secretion of aldosterone and a rise in blood pressure

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angiotensin II

hormone produced from angiotensinogen (a plasma protein) by the kidneys and lungs; raises blood pressure

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aldosterone

hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates the sodium and potassium ion balance of the blood

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atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

hormone secreted by the heart that increases sodium excretion