Lesson 1: The Concept of Globalization

Definition of Globalization

increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people, institutions, economies, and cultures across the globe, primarily facilitated by technology, trade, migration, and communication.

Claudio (2022)

Views globalization as a historical process deeply rooted in the legacy of colonialism, where modernity and capitalism shaped the development of the Global South.

Abinales (2022)

Defines it as both an economic and political phenomenon, shaped by the power dynamics of empires and states, particularly in Southeast Asia.

Bihasa (2022)

Focuses on globalization in practical terms, observing how it influences daily life, labor, identity, and education in the Philippines, often emphasizing local responses to global forces.

Economic

Outsourcing jobs to other countries (e.g., BPO industry in the Philippines)

Cultural

Korean pop culture influencing Filipino youth (K-pop, K-dramas).

Technological

Use of smartphones and global apps like TikTok.

Environmental

Climate change as a global concern.

Political

International organizations like the UN, WTO, ASEAN.

Drivers of Globalization

These are the key factors that make the world more connected and interdependent, pushing countries and people closer together through technology, trade, travel, media, and human movement.

Hyperglobalist Perspective

Believes globalization is positive, leading to increased cooperation, trade, travel, and technological connection, ultimately making the world "one big happy family".

Skeptic Perspective

Argues that globalization primarily benefits rich countries and large corporations, often leaving poor countries behind, and that governments still maintain control. They see it as a world of "unfair sharing".

Transformationalist Perspective

Views globalization as a real but complex process that brings both positive and negative changes to how people live, work, and think, with its effects varying by location.

Technology-Forces that Affect People & Countries

Makes communication and information-sharing faster and easier, enabling global work, study, and socialization. Examples: Zoom, Artificial Intelligence (AI), social media (Facebook, Instagram).

Trade and Investment-Forces that Affect People & Countries

Countries buying and selling goods/services and investing in each other's businesses. Examples: ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA), Filipino companies like SM and Jollibee investing abroad.

Migration

Movement of people across borders for work, study, or living, spreading ideas, cultures, and skills. Examples: OFWs, foreign students in the Philippines or Filipinos studying abroad.

International Institutions

Organizations facilitating cooperation on trade, finance, and development. Examples: World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank.

Transportation

Modern systems for moving people and products globally. Examples: Airplanes and ships for exports, budget airlines for affordable international travel.

Media

Spreads news, entertainment, and ideas worldwide. Examples: Netflix, YouTube.